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METHANE RECOVERY FROM ANIMAL MANURES: THE CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES CASEBOOK associated with the same mass of carbon dioxide over the same time horizon. For example, carbon dioxide has a GWP of 1. The IPCC is constantly evaluating the GWP values of 44 gases, using a time-horizon of 100 years. The IPCC’s most recent estimate of the GWP of methane was in 1996. Earlier IPCC estimates were published in 1992 and 1994. Changes in a GWP between 1992 and 1995 reflect the evolution of scientific understanding. For example, in 1992, methane’s GWP was 11 times that of carbon dioxide. By 1994, new findings prompted the IPCC to more than double 49 methane’s GWP to 24.5. By 1996, the GWP had dropped to 21. This means that a given mass of methane could increase the atmosphere’s radiative forcing by an amount 21 times more than the forcing associated with the same mass of carbon dioxide. The EPA estimates that the atmospheric concentration of methane is increasing at 1% per year and has more than doubled 50 over the past two centuries. With better management practices, methane from manure can be a clean, renewable source of energy. Moreover, based on life cycle cost analysis of proven methane recovery technologies such as slurry, covered lagoons, plug-flow and complete-mix digesters, an unavoidable livestock production liability can become a profit-making asset. Among manure handling systems, the potential rate of energy production from liquid-based systems is greater than for solid-based 51 systems, because liquid-based systems encourage AD. Based on EPA estimates, liquid-based systems (anaerobic lagoons and liquid/slurry storage) account for 40% of U.S. methane emissions; solid-based systems (pasture/range, daily spread, solid storage, and drylots) account for the remaining 60%. 52 One source estimates that the difference in methane emission rates between liquid- and solid- based systems is even greater. Although only 28% of the nation’s hogs are kept in facilities using anaerobic lagoons, these lagoon systems are estimated to emit 73% of the hog manure methane. According to this source, manure decomposing on pastures or fields emits only about 10% of the potential methane into the atmosphere. By contrast, emission rates for manure that decomposes in water as a result of hydraulic flushing can be as high as 90% of the total methane potential. 49 United Nations, Framework Convention on Climate Change. (1996). Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, National Communications. Geneva, Switzerland. The report is available at http://www.globalchange.org:80/sciall/96jul1d.htm. 50 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA/400/1-91/048). Safley, L.M. et al. (1992). Global Methane Emissions From Livestock and Poultry Manure. Washington, DC: 51 US Environmental Protection Agency (1993). “Methane Emissions from Livestock Manure” Chapter 6 in Opportunities to Reduce Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States: Report to Congress. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-430-R-93-012); pp. 1-61. 52 Walthill, NE. Center for Rural Affairs. Manure Management in the European Pork Industry. August 1994 Newsletter. 2-26PDF Image | Methane Recovery from Animal Manures The Current Opportunities Casebook
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