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METHANE RECOVERY FROM ANIMAL MANURES: THE CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES CASEBOOK atmospheric pressure and 270°F for 20 minutes. 46 All the prion diseases are apparently associated with the accumulation in the brain of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of the prion protein PrP. In other words, an abnormal variant of the normal PrP is somehow copied or produced by the disease process, which can be initiated by introducing infectious 47 The relevance of this topic to biogas production is that prions are reportedly only released from an infected animal’s brain, spinal cord, or eyes. In contrast to the scrapie virus, prions are not excreted with the placenta. Therefore, prions are probably not excreted in animal manures. As a result, digesters using manure or other agricultural feedstocks are not likely to be affected by the BSE problem. Even when feedstocks other than manures are digested, other viral or microbial diseases are not of concern to AD projects in 48 Europe. are still sanitized after the digestion process because controlled sanitation standards are based on a temperature of 158°F for a 1 hour period or equivalent. All other feedstocks, especially those from slaughterhouses, have to be sterilized before digestion. Brains, spinal cords, and eyes are collected separately and incinerated. AD can play a role in treating liquid effluents from livestock operations. After digestion, nutrients are stabilized and pathogens can be reduced by 99.99%. Normally, liquid products of digester treatment are land applied at agronomic rates acceptable for beneficial use. Should further treatment be desired, technologies are available to further reduce waste stream constituents. Aquatic vegetation such as algae or duckweed can be used as a secondary treatment system. High rates of nutrient removal are possible, and the algae or duckweed can then be composted or fed back to the livestock. If additional treatment is necessary, excess nitrogen and phosphorus can be removed through biological methods, chemical precipitation, the use of membrane diffusion or ion exchange, or even ultraviolet light. However, these approaches are expensive both to install and to operate, requiring specially trained personnel. The cost-effective use of any secondary or tertiary technology dependents on the pretreatment and removal of suspended particulates and the reduction of compounds that will chemically or biologically bind oxygen. This situation occurs if organic residues are processed in an AD system. 2.7 Follow the Methane The methane contained in biogas is a potent greenhouse gas. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the GWP is an attempt to provide a simple measure of various greenhouse gas emissions. The GWP of a gas reflects the cumulative radiative forcing of that gas over a specified period of time beginning the moment it is emitted. The GWP is expressed in terms of the radiative forcing of a gas to the forcing 46 47 48 prions into the system. All protein and fat-rich feedstocks derived from materials such as food wastes Wellinger, A. (23 May 1998). Personal communication. NovaEnergie, Ettenhausen, Switzerland. Supra, Note 45. Supra, Note 46 2-25PDF Image | Methane Recovery from Animal Manures The Current Opportunities Casebook
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