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Figure 20. CO2 removal from LFG using the PSA method. Source: [41]. A PSA plant comprises four identical cylinder-shaped vessels filled with activated carbon granules, which are called molecular sieves. Owing to their characteristics, molecular sieves can selectively adsorb to their surface different gases (CO2, N2, O2, H2O and H2S), as a result of which the mixture of gases is separated and the gas stream coming out of the vessel contains essentially only methane. The process takes place at pressures of 8 – 10 bar. When the adsorbent bed in a given vessel reaches the end of its capacity, it is disconnected from the plant and the molecular sieves are regenerated through a pressure reduction and purge cycle. Using four identical adsorbent vessels enables continuous production of the target gas – one unit selectively adsorbs gas impurities under pressure and produces pure methane, the second one desorbs the separated impurities at reduced pressure, the third one is purged with hot pure methane, while the fourth one is cooled with pure CH4 and prepared for the pressure-driven part of the PSA process. Thus far, PSA has been the most economically viable method of landfill methane separation [41]. Currently, more and more often a combination of two technologies is used to elevate methane concentrations in biomethane. 2.3.2 Membrane Separation The process of gas separation using solid membranes relies on differences in physicochemical and chemical interactions between the individual components of a gas mixture and the membrane material. The phenomenon is caused by the difference between the rates at which gas components permeate the membrane. One of the gas constituents dissolves in the 71PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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