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The difference between ceramic and pipe infra-red heaters is that ceramic (bright) heaters 00 usually operate at temperatures between 800 C and 1,000 C, achieving their maximum radiation capacity at wave lengths from 2 to 4 μm, with efficiency reaching 93%. Pipe (dark) 00 infra-red heaters operate at temperatures between 400 C and 600 C and release less than 10% energy in the form of radiation with wave length of 0.75 – 1.5 μm, approximately 30% in the 1.5–3μmrange,approximately50% inthe3–6μmrangeandlessthan20%inthe6–12 μm range. A pipe infra-red heater is composed of three main elements: • gas burner, • radiating pipe, • screen. The burners in ETD and ETS infra-red heaters are blow type, i.e. the burner’s flame is lengthened by a low-rotation, low-noise fan, which works in clean feeding air. Radiating pipes are made of special steel with some titanium added, and covered with black silicon emulsion, thanks to which they have extraordinary radiating capacity. The basic element of ceramic infra-red heater is a burner made of perforated ceramic board covered with an aluminium reflector. On its surface a mixture of gas and air taken by the electro valve is burnt. Radiation is directed to heated surfaces by means of highly-polished aluminium reflector. Infrared heating using LFG is ideal when a facility with space heating needs is located near a landfill. Infrared heating creates high-intensity energy that is safely absorbed by surfaces that warm up. In turn, these surfaces release heat into the atmosphere and raise the ambient temperature. Therefore, large spaces such as industrial shelters, warehouses and facility buildings are most effectively and economically heated by gas-fired infrared heaters. Infrared heating, using LFG as a fuel source, has been successfully employed at several landfill sites in Europe, Canada, and the United States. Infrared heaters require a small amount of LFG to operate and are relatively inexpensive and easy to install. Current 3 operational projects use between 20 and 50 m /h. The cost of infrared heaters depends on the area to be heated. One heater is needed for every 2 46 to 74 m . The cost of each heater, in 2007 dollars, is approximately 3,000 USD. In addition, the cost of the interior piping to connect the heaters within the building ceilings is approximately 20,000 to 30,000 USD [7]. 31PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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