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2. Landfill Gas Energy Technologies There are several ways to effectively utilize landfill gas for energy; however, the primary application in Poland is electricity. Electricity for onsite use or sale to the grid can be generated using a variety of different technologies, including: • internal combustion engines, • gas turbines, • microturbines, • Sterling engines (external combustion engine). The vast majority of projects use internal combustion (reciprocating) engines or turbines, with microturbine technology being used at smaller landfills and in niche applications [10]. Certain technologies such as the Sterling and Organic Rankine Cycle engines and fuel cells are still in the development phase. LFG energy CHP applications, also known as cogeneration projects, provide greater overall energy efficiency and are growing in number. In addition to producing electricity, these projects recover and beneficially use the heat from the unit combusting the LFG. LFG energy CHP projects can use internal combustion engine, gas turbine, or microturbine technologies. Less common LFG electricity generation technologies include a few boiler/steam turbine applications, in which LFG is combusted in a large boiler to generate steam used by the turbine to create electricity. A few combined cycle applications have been implemented in USA. These combine a gas turbine that combusts the LFG with a steam turbine that uses steam generated from the gas turbine’s exhaust to create electricity. Boiler/steam turbine and combined cycle applications tend to be larger in scale than the majority of LFG electricity projects that use internal combustion engines [7]. Another application of landfill gas is production of hot water or steam. However, such use of landfill gas is to a large extent dependent on hot water or steam demand in the close proximity to the landfill. Transmission of gas or small quantities of steam or hot water over a long distance makes the undertaking much more complex in terms of technical aspects, and in many cases is not viable. In situations with low gas extraction rates, the gas can go to power infrared heaters in buildings local to the landfill or provide heat and power to local greenhouses, and power the energy intensive activities of a studio engaged in pottery, metalworking or glass-blowing. 23PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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