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Table of Contents A WORD FROM THE AUTHORS .............................................................................. 4 1. LANDFILL GAS ..................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Characteristic Features of Landfill Gas........................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Collection of Landfill Gas............................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.1 Elements of installation for gas extraction..................................................................................... 11 1.2.2 Connection of elements of a landfill gas extraction installation................................................... 14 1.3 Landfill Gas Contaminants and Their Removal ........................................................................................ 18 1.3.1 Primary Treatment ............................................................................................................................... 19 1.3.2 Advanced Treatment............................................................................................................................. 21 2. LANDFILL GAS ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES...................................................... 23 2.1 Direct Use....................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.1 Process Heat Generation....................................................................................................................... 25 2.1.2 Infrared Heaters.................................................................................................................................... 30 2.1.3 Leachate Evaporation ........................................................................................................................... 35 2.2 Electricity Generation................................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.1 Reciprocating Engines .......................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.2 Turbines ................................................................................................................................................. 52 2.2.3 Mikroturbines........................................................................................................................................ 58 2.2.4 Stirling Engines...................................................................................................................................... 65 2.3 Biomethane Production ................................................................................................................................ 69 2.3.1 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) ....................................................................................................... 70 2.3.2 Membrane Separation .......................................................................................................................... 71 2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Different Technologies.................................................................. 74 3. CHOICE OF TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................... 78 3.1 Landfill Gas Modeling .................................................................................................................................. 78 3.2 Confirmation of Landfill Gas Modeling – Pump Tests.............................................................................. 78 3.3 Economics ...................................................................................................................................................... 79 3.3.1 Cash Flows ............................................................................................................................................. 80 3.3.2. Methods Used to Evaluate Profitability of Landfill Gas-to-Energy Projects.................................. 82 4. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS ............................................................... 85 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 89 3PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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