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Using the Biogas There are many uses for the gas produced by anaerobic digestion. Biogas can be substituted for any application designed for natural gas. A boiler will convert the methane to heat. Microturbines, gas turbines, internal combustion engines and fuel cells convert biogas into both electricity and heat. A gas flare is used to dispose of gas when levels are too low to warrant a heat or electricity generation system. Heat Boiler Heat boilers represent perhaps the simplest use of anaerobic digester gas. Biogas can be used in heat boilers to directly produce high quality hot water or steam. The hot water or steam may be used to heat the digester and/or be used in secondary systems such as absorption chillers or space heaters. The gas could also be used directly in any natural gas fired appliance. When burning the gas in this way, it is recommended that levels of hydrogen sulfide not exceed 1000 ppm. When the concentration is higher, the sulfuric acid formed in the condensate can cause heavy corrosion (Wellinger and Lindberg, 2001). Many modern boilers have tin-laminated brass heat exchangers which can corrode more easily. Use of a cast iron heat exchanger can slow this corrosion. Ensuring the temperature of the exhaust gas is higher than 150°C keeps the hydrogen sulfide above its dew point. The acid will not condense and therefore will contribute less to corrosion. Water vapour can cause problems in gas nozzles and may need to be removed. Removal of water will also remove a portion of the H2S (Wellinger and Lindberg, 2001). The gas pressure requirements of a heat boiler are 0.80 to 2.50 kPa (0.12 to 0.36 psi). Digester-produced pressures are large enough for this demand. Heat boilers are 80 to 90 % thermally efficient (Bitir et al, 2002). For example, consider a storage which contains 100 m3 of biogas with a methane content of 65%. Since pure methane has a theoretical heat value of approximately 10 kWh/ m3,(approx 1000 BTU/ft3) the heat value of 100 m3 of biogas is 650 kWh. If the boiler is 80% efficient, approximately 520 kWh are available for use. Flare There are two basic types of flares available: open and enclosed. Open flares usually consist of a burner with a small windshield. The rich gas mixt ure, lack of insulation, and poor mixing often lead to an incomplete burn as well as considerable radiant heat loss. Open flares are usually constructed several metres off the ground in order to protect both workers and supply pipes from the radiated heat. Due to the lack of process and emission control, open flares are mostly suited for temporary or test uses. Enclosed flares are usually ground-based permanent structures. The burner is kept in an enclosed cylinder lined with refractory material. The insulation and control of air mixture contribute to a more uniform burn as well as lower emissions. Enclosed flares can be further classified into diffusion aeration and pre-aerated flares. As the 11PDF Image | Electricity and Heat Production Using Biogas from the Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure - Literature Review
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