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surface area available for the bacteria to adhere to, thus reducing the numbers of bacteria washed out in the effluent. Consequently the anaerobic process begins faster and stronger compared to a plug -flow or completely mixed system (Timbers and Marshall, 1981). Fixed film digesters are best suited for influent with less than 3% total solids (AgSTAR, 2004). As a result, a solids separator or dilution liquid may be necessary. The advantage of the fixed film system is the shorter retention time - a retention time of 20 days in a conventional completely mixed digester can be shortened to 4 days with fixed film. Covered Lagoon Covered lagoons are typically not heated, so their use is restricted to areas with a relatively warm climate. The total solids content is limited to less than 3% (AgSTAR, 2004). Hydraulic retention times for covered lagoons range from 40 to 60 days, depending on regional climate. Electricity generation is not usually practical with a covered lagoon because biogas production varies with temperature. Covered lagoon digesters produce less biogas in colder temperatures and little or no gas below 4°C (McNeil Technologies, 2000). Centralized Systems Centralized systems are much larger anaerobic digesters than the typical on- farm installation. They are designed for large volumes of manure inputs and higher volumes of biogas production. A number of farms within a designated geographical area are usually required for the economical operation of a centralized anaerobic digester. These digesters can be operated as a farmer co-operative or they may be run independently. The advantages of a centralized digester include less individual risk, favourable economies of scale, and less individual farmer involvement. Disadvantages include the typically high travel costs (to haul inputs and outputs), higher capital costs, the likely need to adhere to more stringent municipal by-laws and environmental regulations, and the need for daily management of the digester system by a trained operator. Table 1 compares a centralized digester system to the on-farm alterna tive. 7PDF Image | Electricity and Heat Production Using Biogas from the Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure - Literature Review
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