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11.0 kg VS/m3/d for various types of digesters and manure sources (Persson et al, 1979). While high loading rates use the digester volume more efficiently, they also increase solids concentration, retention time and alkalinity, which must be taken into consideration. iii) Retention Time - The Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and Solids Retention Time (SRT) are the average lengths of time the liquid or solid portion of manure remains in the digester. Generally, the lower the operating temperature (e.g. psychrophilic digestion) the higher the retention time that is needed. iv) Solids Concentration - Normally reported as the percentage dry matter and the volatile solid percentage of that dry matter, the solids concentration is necessary to determine the loading rate. The solids concentration also helps to determine the most suitable type of digester, as seen in Figure 3. Figure 3 Appropriate manure characteristics and handling systems for specific types of biogas digester systems (AgSTAR, 2004) v) Alkalinity and pH - Optimum pH conditions for methanogenic bacteria range from 6.4 to 7.6 (Price and Cheremisinoff, 1981). Other bacterial species are more tolerant to pH levels outside of this range. 5PDF Image | Electricity and Heat Production Using Biogas from the Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure - Literature Review
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