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inadequacies may result in poor performance. The plug flow contact process also poses little risk of failure due to mixing inadequacies or solids accumulation in the digester. The complexity of the process will also affect its reliability. The thermophilic digestion of dairy manure must incorporate a complex heating and heat recovery system. Its reliability will be less than a system that does not have such complexity. The contact process and the contact stabilization process are also more complex systems. They have more of an opportunity to fail. Redundant equipment and robust controls are essential to improving the reliability of complex systems. Nutrient Concentration and Retention The process of anaerobic digestion will convert nutrients from an organic form to an inorganic form. In plug flow, completely mixed, and thermophilic reactors the quantity of nutrients entering the reactor equals the quantity of nutrients exiting the reactor. However, in retained biomass digesters such as the contact process, sequencing batch reactors, and fixed film reactors, nutrients may be concentrated in a separate waste solids stream. Dugba demonstrated that the effluent from a sequencing batch reactor contained less than 50 percent of the influent phosphorus (Dugba, Zhang et al. 1997). The balance of the phosphorus was concentrated in the biosolids. Burke demonstrated the retention and concentration of 90 percent of the influent phosphorus and 43 percent of the influent total nitrogen in the waste solids that was only 1/5 of the influent volume. The ability to concentrate nutrients is an important characteristic of the selected anaerobic process since it provides the dairy operator with the control necessary to manage nutrient application to the land. Additional Substrate Processing Hobson studied the effect of adding cellulose to dairy manure (Hobson and Taiganides 1983). His research indicated that the volatile solids conversion to gas would be substantially improved through the addition of cellulose. At a 16- day hydraulic retention time the volatile solids conversion to gas increased from 30 percent with no cellulose to 51 percent with a manure containing six percent cellulose. Many commercial digesters supplement the influent with food waste or food processing waste. Collection of tipping fees improves the economic viability of anaerobic facilities. The Tillamook project in Oregon proposed to supplement the influent waste with municipal solid waste to increase revenues. The proposed Myrtle Point project in Oregon (Duke Engineering & Services 2001) may treat milk-processing waste to increase revenues. The ability to treat a wide variety of influent substrates, and thereby enhance the economics, is an important process characteristic. The completely mixed and contact processes can process a © Environmental Energy Company 37 www.makingenergy.com 360-923-2000PDF Image | Dairy Waste Anaerobic Digestion Handbook Options for Recovering Beneficial Products From Dairy Manure
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