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biogas HANDBOOK the main part is absorbed immediately by the plants. Danish experience shows that by application of digestate as top-fertiliser, a part of nutrients are even absorbed through the leaves. 6.4 Effectsofdigestateapplicationonsoil Degradation of organic matter, which occurs through AD process, includes degradation of carbon bounds, organic acids as well as odoriferous and caustic substances. For this reason, when applied on soil, digestate creates less stress and more suitable environment for soil organisms, compared to application of raw slurry. Direct measurements of biological oxygen demand (BOD) of digested cattle and pig slurry showed ten times less oxygen demand than in the case of undigested slurry. As oxygen consumption is reduced, so is the tendency to form anoxic soil areas, i.e. oxygen free, nitrogen containing zones. The capability to build up new soil and the humus reproduction through supplied organic matter is also higher, when compared to fertilisation with raw slurry. Good practice guidelines for minimising ammonia volatilisation, during storage and application of digestate o Always have a permanent cover or well established crusting surface/floating layer in the storage tanks for digestate o Digestate should always be pumped at the bottom of storage tanks, to avoid too much stirring; storage tanks should only be stirred just before digestate application o Place the storage tank in the shadow, sheltered from wind o Most emissions can be avoided if digestate is directly injected in soil o For digestate application, dragging hoses should be preferred to sprinkler technologies; sprinkler technologies increase ammonia emissions and spread undesirable aerosols on large areas o Optimum weather conditions for digestate application are: cool, humidity and no wind o Addition of acid to digestate before application decreases its pH-value and thereby the liability of ammonia to volatilise Figure 6.3 Vehicles for application of digestate as fertiliser, using dragging hoses (AGRINZ 2008) Compared to compost and to untreated slurry application, digestate supplies larger portions of carbon, available for the reproduction of organic substances in soils. During AD, 54PDF Image | biogas HANDBOOK
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