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biogas HANDBOOK contamination of the gas grid or the end users. The Wobbe index was introduced, to avoid influence on gas measurements and end use. The standards are in most cases easily achievable through current upgrading processes. For this kind of application, landfill gas can be difficult to upgrade to acceptable quality due to its high nitrogen content. In Europe, biogas feed plants are in operation in Sweden, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Switzerland and France. The main barriers for biomethane injection are the high costs of upgrading and grid connection. Grid injection is also limited by location of suitable biomethane production and upgrading sites, which have to be close to the natural gas grid. 5.6.3 Carbondioxideandmethaneproductionaschemicalproducts Production of pure methane and CO2 from biogas can be a viable alternative to methane and carbon dioxide production from fossil sources. Both substances are important for the chemical industry. Pure CO2 is used for production of polycarbonates, of dry ice or for surface treatment (sandblasting with CO2). CO2 from biogas can also be used in agriculture, as fertiliser in greenhouses. 6 Utilisation of digestate Agricultural biogas production is an integrated element of modern, holistic agriculture, which takes into consideration not only economic costs and benefits of agricultural activities, but also socio-economic and environmental benefits. Agricultural biogas production provides intertwined agricultural, economic and environmental benefits and for this reason, the promoters of the biogas development in Europe, after the oil crisis, were the organic farmers, interested in AD not only for renewable energy generation, but as a way to improve fertiliser quality of their animal manure. 6.1 AD-atechnologyforanimalmanureandslurry management in intensive areas Animal production is known also for producing large amounts of animal manure. There are frequent situations where the animal farms do not own enough agricultural land for using optimally the produced manure and slurries as fertiliser. The excess of animal manure requires adequate manure management measures, to prevent serious consequences of excessive fertilisation with animal manure in these areas, such as: Pollution of ground and surface water through leakage Damage of soil structure and soil microbiology Damage of specific grassland vegetation populations and formation of typical “slurry vegetation” Increased risks of methane and ammonia emissions Odour and fly nuisance, from manure storage and application Increased risk of contamination and of spreading pathogens AD of animal manure and slurries can be the solution to the above situation, allowing environmental friendly agricultural practices. 50PDF Image | biogas HANDBOOK
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