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biogas HANDBOOK minimum 45% methane content. Smaller engines, up to 100 kWel are usually Otto engines. For higher electrical performance, adapted diesel aggregates are used. They are equipped with spark plugs. Both engines are named ‘Gas-Otto Engines’ since their basic operation is based on the Otto principle. Gas-Otto engines (Figure 5.3) can be operated with biogas or natural gas. This is useful during the start-up of the biogas plant when the heat is used for heating up digesters. Figure 5.3 Gas-Otto engines (RUTZ 2007) 5.3.2 Pilot-injectiongasmotor The Pilot Injection Engine (also called Pilot Injection Natural Gas Engine, PING, or Dual Fuel Engine) is based on the diesel engine principle. These engines are often used for tractors and heavy duty vehicles. The biogas is mixed in a gas mixer, together with the combustion air. This mixture passes through an injection system in the combustion chamber where it is ignited by the injected ignition oil. Usually up to 10% ignition oil is automatically injected and combusted. Pilot injection engines are operated with high air surplus. In case of disrupted biogas supply, pilot injection motors can also operate with pure ignition oil or diesel, without any problem. The replacement of biogas by oil or diesel can be necessary during the start up phase of the biogas plant for process heat production. The ignition oil can be fossil diesel or heating oil, but renewable rapeseed-methyl-ester (biodiesel) or vegetable oil can be used in the same way. The advantage of renewable ignition oils is that they are sulphur-free and emit less carbon monoxide. Furthermore, they are biodegradable which is important in case of leaching and spilling. However, if biofuels are used, higher filter wear, jet clogging and lower viscosity of the vegetable oil must be taken into consideration. Another disadvantage is the release of nitrous oxide. In any case, it is important to follow the fuel quality instructions of the engine manufacturers. 5.3.3 Stirlingmotors The Stirling motor operates without internal combustion, based on the principle that temperature changes of gases result in volume changes. The pistons of the engine are moved by gas expansion caused by heat injection from an external energy source. The necessary heat can be provided from various sources such as a gas burner, running on biogas. In order to use Stirling engines for biogas some technical adaption is necessary. Due to external combustion, also biogas with lower methane content can be used. 44PDF Image | biogas HANDBOOK
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