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biogas HANDBOOK It is expected that the environmental and socio-economic benefits of AD, complemented by higher costs/taxation of other disposal methods, will increase the number of applications of industrial biogas in the future. 4.5 Landfillgasrecoveryplants Landfills can be considered as large anaerobic plants with the difference that the decomposition process is discontinuous and depends on the age of the landfill site. Landfill gas has a composition which is similar to biogas, but it can contain toxic gases, originating from decomposition of waste materials on the site. Recovery of landfill gas is not only essential for environmental protection and reduction of emissions of methane and other landfill gases (Figure 4.12), but it is also a cheap source of energy, generating benefits through faster stabilisation of the landfill site and revenues from the gas utilisation. Due to the remoteness of landfill sites, landfill gas is normally used for electricity generation, but the full range of gas utilisation, from space heating to upgrading to vehicle fuel and pipeline quality is possible as well (Figure 4.13 and 4.14). Landfill gas recovery can be optimised through the management of the site such as shredding the waste, re-circulating the organic fraction and treating the landfill as a bioreactor. A landfill bioreactor is a controlled landfill, designed to accelerate the conversion of solid waste into methane and is typically divided into cells, provided with a system to collect leachate from the base of the cell. The collected leachate is pumped up to the surface and redistributed across the waste cells, transforming the landfill into a large high-solids digester. Figure 4.12 Gaseous emissions and leaching to ground water from landfill sites are serious threats for the environment 39PDF Image | biogas HANDBOOK
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