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biogas HANDBOOK countries are on the way of developing modern biogas sectors and favourable political frameworks are implemented alongside, to support this development. Important research efforts combined with full scale experience are carried out around the world, aiming to improve the conversion technologies, the operational and process stability and performance. New digesters, new combinations of AD substrates, feeding systems, storage facilities and other equipment are continuously developed and tested. Alongside the traditional AD feedstock types, dedicated energy crops for biogas production were introduced in some countries and the research efforts are directed towards increasing productivity and diversity of energy crops and assessment of their biogas potential. Cultivation of energy crops brought about new farming practices and new crop rotation systems are about to be defined, where intercropping and combined crop cultivation are subject of intensive research as well. Utilisation of biogas for combined heat and power production (CHP) is a standard application for the main part of the modern biogas technologies in Europe. Biogas is also upgraded and used as renewable biofuel for transport in countries like Sweden, Switzerland and Germany, where networks of gas upgrading and filling stations are established and operating. Biogas upgrading and feeding into natural gas grid is a relatively new application but the first installations, in Germany and Austria, are feeding “biomethane” into the natural gas grids. A relatively new utilisation of biogas, in fuel cells, is close to the commercial maturity in Europe and USA. Integrated production of biofuels (biogas, bioethanol and biodiesel) alongside with food and raw materials for industry, known as the concept of biorefineries, is one important research area today, where biogas provides process energy for liquid biofuel production and uses the effluent materials of the other processes as feedstock for AD. The integrated biorefinery concept is expected to offer a number of advantages related to energy efficiency, economic performance and reduction of GHG emissions. A number of biorefinery pilot projects have been implemented in Europe and around the world, and full scale results will be available in the years to come. 2.2 Biogaspotential The existing biomass resources on our planet can give us an idea of the global potential of biogas production. This potential was estimated by different experts and scientists, on the base of various scenarios and assumptions. Regardless the results of these estimations, the overall conclusion was always, that only a very small part of this potential is utilised today, thus there is a real possibility to increase the actual production of biogas significantly. The European Biomass Association (AEBIOM) estimates that the European production of biomass based energy can be increased from the 72 million tones (Mtoe) in 2004 to 220 Mtoe in 2020. The largest potential lies in biomass originating from agriculture, where biogas is an important player. According to AEBIOM, up to 20 to 40 million hectares (Mha) of land can be used for energy production in the European Union alone, without affecting the European food supply. 15PDF Image | biogas HANDBOOK
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