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Anaerobic Digestion of farm and food processing residues GoodPractice Guidelines Page11 place in the right circumstances, all the potentially negative environmental and economic implications of AD can be minimised or removed completely. More detail on reducing all these risks and impacts is given later in these guidelines. Costs AD has significant capital and operating costs (see the Project Development section for details). Given these, it is unlikely that AD will be financially viable as a source of renewable energy alone and therefore must always be seen as an integrated system. However, it is likely to be cost effective for those who can use (or have or can develop a market for) the other products of AD: better waste management, liquid fertiliser and fibre. Potential emissions AD produces certain emissions and effluents, to air, ground and water, which need treatment to avoid damage to human health and the environment. Proper management should ensure that all these risks are controlled, and the best available technology should be used in all cases. See the Construction and Operations section for more details on the risks of emissions and mitigation. Traffic movements All waste management systems create traffic movements (lorries already collect food residues) but, although overall quantities of vehicle movements may not be a major issue, the traffic may be more concentrated in a small area, especially where a CAD project is established. All AD developments should aim to minimise traffic movements to reduce potential pollution and nuisance, and alternative methods of transport should be investigated. The energy balance of the AD project overall will be crucial to its success, not least in terms of cost, obtaining planning permission and meeting other regulations. See the Feedstock and products section for details on minimising transport impacts. Noise AD projects can generate noise. Consideration needs to be given to potential noise from deliveries, pumps, compressors, the power plant and the overall scheme should be designed to minimise noise. See the Project development section for details on design, and the Construction and operations section for details on minimising noise from plant operations. Health and safety There may be some risk to human health from the pathogenic content of the feedstock and digestate. There may also be some risk of fire and explosion, although no greater than with systems using natural gas. See the Construction and operations section for details on minimising these risks. Animal health There may be some risk of animal disease transmission between farms in CAD schemes through cross contamination from vehicle movements and centralised collection of feedstock. Strict quality control measures are likely to be needed. See the Feedstock and products section for details on minimising the risks from parasite and pathogen transfer, and Appendix 7. Visual impact Larger CADs may have some visual impact, although the digester can be partially sunk into the ground to reduce visual impact and make it easier to load. Screening with trees can also reduce the visual impact of AD plants. See the Project development section for details of site design. Animal welfare A potential public concern is likely to be animal welfare issues. AD does not influence the ways in which animals are housed or kept; it simply uses the by-products of livestock farming by any methods, from intensively reared to free range animals. AD is never going to be the determining factor for any husbandry method; it will always only be part of an integrated waste management strategy. It would never be economically feasible for farmers to change farming practices to maximise the production of feedstock for AD and worsen conditions for animals as a result.PDF Image | Anaerobic Digestion Of farm and food Processing residues The development of a sustainable industry
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