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Anaerobic Digestion of farm and food processing residues GoodPractice Guidelines Page8 Potential resource Livestock slurry and food processing residues currently exist in large quantities and should be seen as resources which, among other things, provide an opportunity to develop the AD industry. For example: • Every year in the UK about 150 million wet tonnes of livestock slurry (pig and cattle) and about 3.4 million wet tonnes of used poultry litter and excreta (1.8 million dry tonnes) are produced. • It is estimated that, every year, in excess of one million tonnes of food production residues (such as vegetable or dairy processing residues) could be suitable for AD. Some of these residues are already used in other ways, such as being spread on the land, or disposed to landfill. Although AD will never be able to deal with all these residues, there is clearly potential for AD to reduce the negative impacts of other approaches to managing residues from these industries. These resources offer enormous potential for electricity generation. If all the farm residues that can be collected are used for AD, the potential for electricity generation is a total of 9.4 TWe hours per year (see Table 1). The total UK energy use in 1995 was 315 TWh, of which 4 TWh were in the agricultural sector, and 101 TWh were in the domestic sector. To put this into perspective, there is the potential to produce twice the amount of energy per year from AD as was used in 1995 in the agricultural sector. Table 1. Livestock populations and farm residues in the UK and their potential for methane generation and electricity output. Benefits and problems of AD Environmental benefits Energy balance A properly designed and operated AD plant can achieve a better energy balance (taking emissions from transport operations into account) than many other forms of energy production. The energy balance relates to the amount of energy consumed in order to produce energy. Reducing greenhouse gases • Methane is a major greenhouse gas if it escapes to the atmosphere. Current disposal practices for slurry and food residues cause methane to be released through natural processes. AD exploits this process so that the gas can be used as a fuel. A well-managed AD scheme will aim to maximise methane generation, but not release any gas to the atmosphere, thereby reducing overall emissions. • AD provides an energy source with no net increase in atmospheric carbon. Using fossil fuels for energy production creates carbon dioxide which causes climate change, resulting in a warming of the planet. By replacing energy from fossil fuels, Resource Population Potential methane yield (m3/day) Potential annual electricity output ( T whe/year) Cattle 12, 200, 000 5, 700, 000 6.2 Pigs 7, 900, 000 800, 000 0.9 Poultry 124, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 1.1 TO T AL - 8, 600, 000 9.4PDF Image | Anaerobic Digestion Of farm and food Processing residues The development of a sustainable industry
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