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EM Feature Figure 5. These microturbine-powered buses in New Zealand have surpassed 250,000 miles in operation with virtually no downtime. produce emissions that are 70% below EPA’s year-2004 requirements. Among the first hy- brid electric buses to utilize microturbines as onboard battery rechargers are three public transit buses that have been operating in Christchurch, New Zealand for more than two years. The buses operate an average of 14 hr per day, seven days per week. So far, they have amassed more than a quarter of a million miles of operation with only one un- scheduled microturbine maintenance, which involved the replacement of a failed igniter (spark plug). A fourth bus was added to the Christchurch fleet in 2001 (see Figure 5). ADVANTAGES OF MICROTURBINES they can travel between battery charges. Microturbine tech- nology can serve as the onboard battery charger for hybrid electric vehicles, extending operating range and providing additional power for passenger comforts, such as air condi- tioning, which are too energy-intensive for most electric vehicles. In addition, the use of microturbine technology can dramatically lower NOx emissions, while cutting oper- ating and maintenance costs. (The cleanest CARB-certified experimental [i.e., not in real-world operation] compressed natural gas [CNG] engine emits 1.3 grams of NOx per brake- horsepower-hour; Capstone MicroTurbines are CARB-certified at 0.70, 0.53, and 0.26 grams of NOx using diesel, propane, and natural gas, respectively.2) Using a microturbine-powered system eliminates the need to routinely remove vehicles from daily service for battery charging or swapping. Hybrid electric vehicles can plug direc- tly into the local grid at night, recharging batteries when elec- tricity utility rates are at their lowest. This, along with the regenerative braking power functionality of hybrid electric vehicles, makes the total fuel cost significantly lower than for conventional diesel- or natural gas-powered vehicles. Further- more, microturbine-powered hybrid electric vehicles can be easily integrated into existing transportation infrastructures, since they can run on virtually any mass transportation fuel: CNG, liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquid propane gas (LPG), or diesel. The implementation of microturbine technology allows transit authorities with limited funds to implement a cleaner than CNG fleet, while still using diesel. Greater fuel efficiency, coupled with lower maintenance costs (virtually zero downtime and maintenance) and a smoother, quieter ride for passengers translates into practical and affordable public transportation. Microturbine-powered hybrid electric vehicles are in use today in the United States, Europe, Japan, New Zealand, and China. The buses and shuttles that use microturbines Microturbines offer a number of advantages compared to similarly sized reciprocating engine generators. These include lower energy and maintenance costs, increased reliability and safety, and the ability to easily and safely connect to the utility power grid. Lower Energy Costs Microturbines reduce reliance on the utility power grid and, thus, higher, peak-demand utility rates, particularly during summer months. Onsite generation allows the reduction or elimination of energy drawn from the power grid, result- ing in both energy (kWh) and demand (kW) savings. In addition, microturbines offer some protection against rising electricity rates. A micro-cogeneration system allows facility managers increased energy cost control: as grid elec- tricity costs increase, so do self-generation savings. Microturbines also provide users with the flexibility and opportunity to participate in rebate programs or voluntary curtailment programs. State and federal regulators are beginning to recognize the value of distributed generation and cogeneration to the power grid, the economy, and the environment. For example, cogeneration capital incentive funding and time-of-use rate structures with demand charges encourage distributed generation. Severe power shortages— when loads must be reduced to maintain grid reliability safety margins—force “interruptible” customers to shut down operations or suffer heavy penalties. Distributed gen- eration, however, offers facilities the flexibility to partici- pate in the most advantageous scenarios, including rates that allow curtailment of service, while limiting negative impact to operations and productivity. Maintenance and Reliability With only one moving part, microturbines are designed to operate at full output continuously for five to 10 years (40,000– 80,000 hr) between major service intervals. Reciprocating 34 EM January 2003PDF Image | Microturbine Tech Alt Power Solution
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