Micropower: The Next Electrical Era

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82 MICROPOWER: THE NEXT ELECTRICAL ERA NOTES 83 25. Hirsh, op. cit. note 19. 26. Hirsh, op. cit. note 3. 27. Ibid. 28. Ibid. 29. Yergin and Stanislaw, op. cit. note 8; Patterson, op. cit. note 6. 30. Hirsh, op. cit. note 19; US DOE, EIA, Annual Electric Generator Report, electronic database, Washington, DC, 1999; Table 1 contains Worldwatch estimates based on Cler and Lenssen, op. cit. note 9, on Lovins and Lehmann, op. cit. note 7, on GRI, op. cit. note 17, on Casten, op. cit. note 9, on Hirsh, op. cit. note 19, and on Bruce Wadman, “Gas Turbines Galore!” 1999 Power Generator Survey, Special Report, Diesel & Gas Turbine Worldwide, October 1999. 31. Hirsh, op. cit. note 3. 32. Ibid; Seth Borenstein, “You Can Have Your Own Power Plant,” Knight Ridder Newspapers, 23 August 1999. 33. Gerald L. Cler and Michael Shepard, Distributed Generation: Good Things are Coming in Small Packages (Boulder, CO: E Source, November 1996); Cler and Lenssen, op. cit. note 9. 34. Richard Duke and Daniel M. Kammen, “The Economics of Energy Transformation Programs,” The Energy Journal, October 1999; Figure 1 from Nebojsa Nacenovic, Arnulf Grübler, and Alan McDonald, eds., International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Global Energy Perspectives (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998). 35. Small-scale power is commonly discussed in the electric power indus- try literature as “distributed generation,” the varying definitions of which are summarized in Thomas Ackermann, Göran Andersson, and Lennart Söder, “What Is Distributed Generation?” Royal Institute of Technology, Electric Power Systems, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1999. Ackermann has also published several useful working papers on distributed generation, and has organized an Internet discussion group on the subject at . 36. Cambridge Energy Research Associates, “Distributed Energy Forum,” , viewed 10 March 2000. 37. Cler and Lenssen, op. cit. note 9; Neal Elliott and Mark Spur, Combined Heat and Power (Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, May 1999); “South Pole Research Facility Relies on Caterpillar Gen Sets to Provide Heat and Power,” press release, www.caterpillar.com, 30 December 1999; Jason Makanski, “Venerable Engine/Generator Repositioned for On-Site, Distributed Power,” Power, January/February 1999; Gerald Cler, Nicholas Lenssen, and Claudia Manz, Residential Distribution Generation: Options and Prospects (Boulder, CO: E Source, March 1999); Appendix A is based on Cler and Lenssen, op. cit. note 9, on Cler, Lenssen, and Manz, op. cit. this note, and on Hugh Holman, Energy Technology: Oxymoron? Or Moxie Home Run? Utility Restructuring Research (New York: Robertson Stephens, 16 November 1999); Table 2 is based on Cler and Lenssen, op. cit. note 9, on Cler, Lenssen, and Manz, op. cit. this note, and on GRI, op. cit. note 17. Costs and efficiencies vary in part with engine size; reciprocating engine numbers based on natural gas-fired, not diesel-fired, engines. 38. Cler and Lenssen, op. cit. note 9; Bruce Wadman, “Advances in Smaller Gas Engine Gen-Sets,” Diesel Progress, North American Edition, September 1998; Wadman, op. cit. note 30. 39. Cler, Lenssen, and Manz, op. cit. note 37; Wadman, op. cit. note 30. 40. GRI, op. cit. note 17; Åke Almgren, Capstone Turbine Corporation, “Microturbines: An Enabling Technology,” presentation to Board on Energy and Environmental Systems, NRC, Washington, DC, 6 May 1999. 41. Almgren, op. cit. note 40. 42. Ibid. 43. Gerald Cler, Packaging Distributed Energy Solutions (Boulder, CO: E Source, December 1999); Ann Keeton, “Future Generations,” Wall Street Journal, 13 September 1999; Frank Swoboda, “A Big Mac Attack on Energy Waste,” Washington Post, 22 December 1999; Cler, op. cit. this note. 44. Almgren, op. cit. note 40. 45. Cler and Lenssen, op. cit. note 9; Gale Morrison, “Stirling Renewal,” Mechanical Engineering, May 1999; Maurice A. White, “Generators that Won’t Wear Out,” Mechanical Engineering, February 1996; Cler, Lenssen, and Manz, op. cit. note 37. 46. White, op. cit. note 45; Cler, Lenssen, and Manz, op. cit. note 37. 47. Cler, Lenssen, and Manz, op. cit. note 37. 48. Ibid; Jeremy Harrison, “Domestic Stirling Engine-Based Combined Heat & Power,” CADDET Energy Efficiency, Newsletter No. 2, 1998. 49. “The Future of Fuel Cells,” editorial, Scientific American, Special Issue, July 1999. 50. Ibid; H. Frank Gibbard, H Power Corporation, “Fuel Cells,” presenta-

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