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42 MICROPOWER: THE NEXT ELECTRICAL ERA RUNNING THE DIGITAL ECONOMY 43 patch” control of dispersed devices is common for water heaters, air conditioners, and on-site backup generators.94 Meanwhile, advanced power electronics like miniatur- ized chips, wires, and sensors are improving the ability to invert electrical flows from direct current to alternating cur- rent (or vice versa) at a reasonable cost. Most digital demands, moreover, are for direct-current power, which is offered by many micropower options. And new electronics make it easier to synchronize small direct-current generators with a grid tied to alternating-current transmission. The elec- tronics also make it possible to isolate the system if the grid fails, allowing utility workers to repair power lines and trans- formers with little danger.95 At present, communications and power technologies are converging toward what some call an “intelligent” digi- tal grid that can respond instantaneously to problems and run more efficiently than current mega-systems. The out- come may be a more “omni-directional” grid, a departure from the standard one-way street between central plant and FIGURE 3 Schematic of a Centralized Power System Residential Central Plant Industrial Transmission and Distribution Commercial Source: See endnote 96. end user. (See Figures 3 and 4.) This way, the owner of a refrigerator with the right communications and control equipment could, for a small reduction in the monthly bill, allow a utility to shut it down when overall demand is high. Similarly, a utility’s computer can trigger a consumer’s fuel cell to turn on when needed to supply the neighborhood’s electricity. Some observers, pointing out that generating one’s own power creates a clearer incentive not to waste it, see the role of the electricity meter itself changing or disap- pearing as local systems encourage greater efficiency.96 Computer-based software may also benefit micropower. Companies could, for example, communicate with and sell various “grades” of electrical current to customers seeking different levels of power reliability. A hospital could buy high-grade, or ultra-reliable, power for its emergency room and lower-grade power for its vending machines. A number of power-quality and “e-energy” companies are now emerg- ing that use energy management software to let power com- panies control output from generators by way of the Web. FIGURE 4 Bioenergy Stirling engines reciprocating engines Residential Source: See endnote 96. PV Array rooftop PVs fuel cells Wind Farm reciprocating engines microturbines Industrial Transmission and Distribution microturbines fuel cells Commercial Schematic of a Distributed Power SystemPDF Image | Micropower: The Next Electrical Era
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