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EPA – COMBINED HEAT AND POWER TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION 6. CASE STUDIES 6.1 Background to Case Studies In a separate effort from the production of this combined heat and power (CHP) guidance document and under the direction of the Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF), the authors participated in a project (WERF U2R08) to evaluate methane generation and use at publically owned treatment works (POTW). As part of that project the authors developed a spreadsheet calculator, known as the Combined Heat and Power System Evaluation Tool (CHP-SET) to provide a simple means of evaluating and summarizing basic performance characteristics of CHP prime movers. Based upon user inputs and parasitic loads attributable to ancillary equipment, the CHP-SET calculates prime mover net electrical and thermal efficiencies. Another important function of the CHP-SET is converting prime mover methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (N2O), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions to units of mass per fuel input and mass per electric power production so that a more useful comparison of emissions across prime mover technologies can be made. Finally, the CHP-SET calculates a facility’s carbon footprint reduction attributable to each prime mover. The prime mover’s carbon footprint is determined by calculating the CO2 equivalent of CH4 and N2O emissions as well as the equivalent CO2 offset due to the prime mover’s generation of “green” power. The CHP-SET is available as a free download from the WERF website. As part of the WERF study, the CHP-SET was used to develop several case studies of CHP systems operating at POTWs and to evaluate basic performance characteristics of each of the POTW’s prime movers. Given the relevance of the WERF study to this CHP document, the findings of several digester gas-fueled CHP system case studies are included in this document with WERF permission. A case study was developed for each of the primary digester gas-fueled prime mover technologies discussed in this document, including internal combustion engines, combustion gas turbines, microturbines, and fuel cells. The case studies are summarized below. The Los Angeles County Sanitation District (LACSD), which operates several digester gas-fueled CHP plants, granted the authors complete access to their facilities to develop the case studies. The LACSD facilities that were visited include three POTWs operating a combustion gas turbine-based CHP plant, a microturbine demonstration project, and a fuel cell demonstration project. The CHP-SET was used in the development of the case studies for LACSD’s combustion gas turbine and microturbine CHP systems. The authors also visited other POTWs located in Southern California that operate CHP systems fueled by anaerobic digester gas. Case studies developed at non-LACSD facilities included an internal combustion engine CHP plant and two additional fuel cell CHP plants. The two successfully operating fuel cell facilities are operated by a private enterprise. Unfortunately, the private operator declined to provide any operational data for either installation. Therefore, the CHP-SET could not be used to evaluate any of these fuel cell installations. Given the similarities between the two fuel cell installations and the lack of operational data, only one of the facilities is presented in this document. Because there were no other microturbine facilities at POTWs in the area that the authors could conveniently visit, the LACSD microturbine demonstration project is included for discussion in this document with the caveat that it may not be representative of other digester gas-fueled microturbines currently operating in the United States. Based on limited operational data and several assumptions, the CHP-SET was used to evaluate the microturbine installation. Populated versions of the CHP-SET used to evaluate the following CHP facilities can be found in the appendix and are intended to provide the reader with a summary of key CHP 6-1PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Facilities
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