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Chapter 4 Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Facilities Some of the characteristics of direct current (DC) generators and devices are as follows: Direct current generators: DC generators are rotating electromagnetic devices that produce DC electricity from mechanical energy. DC generators are typically smaller capacity machines, less than 5 kW. DC generators are rarely used in CHP applications. Direct current devices with inverters: Electricity produced from fuel cells is typically in the form of low- voltage DC. Once separated from the fuel, molecular hydrogen passes over the fuel cell’s anode while oxygen, extracted from the air, passes over the cathode. Thus, DC electricity flows from the cathode to the anode as the fuel is consumed. In virtually all applications this low voltage DC must be converted to AC and stepped up or transformed to a higher voltage in order to be suitable for use in most industrial electrical devices. 4.4 References The Climate Registry. 2008. General Reporting Protocol for the Voluntary Reporting Program. Devine, M. 2006. Dealing with Landfill Fuel: Evaluating Fuel Treatment Options. Caterpillar Inc., Lafayette, IN. Environment Agency. 2004. Guidance on Gas Treatment Technologies for Landfill Gas Engines. Environment Agency, Bristol, England. EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). 2006. Comparison of Distributed Generation Technology Options, 250 - 400 kW: Micro-turbines, Carbonate Fuel Cells, Internal Combustion Engines (1010527). Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute). 2006. Assessment of Fuel Gas Cleanup Systems for Waste Gas Fueled Power Generation (1012763). Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. Hughes, M. 2008. Siloxanes in Fuel Gas (PIL 176). Solar Turbines, San Diego, CA. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 1995. IPCC Second Assessment: Climate Change 1995. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland. Kalogo, Y., H. Monteith. 2008. State of Science Report: Energy and Resource Recovery from Sludge (OWSO3R07). WERF (Water Environment Research Foundation), Alexandria, VA. Nagl, G. 2007. Recover High Btu Gas from New Sources. Hydrocarbon Processing. January 2007. ONSITE SYCOM Energy Corporation. 1999. Review of Combined Heat and Power Technologies. ONSITE SYCOM Energy Corporation. Wootton, P. 2008. Digester Gas Constituents and Cleaning in Biosolids to Energy Projects. GE Energy, Jenbacher Gas Engines, Jenbach, Austria. 4-10PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Facilities
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