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Chapter 4 Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Facilities Figure 4-3. Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) Deposits on Cylinder Head Caused by the Combustion of Siloxane-Laden Fuel One of the more common approaches to siloxane removal at POTWs is adsorption with an activated carbon media. With this approach digester gas flows through vessels containing the activated carbon media, which adsorbs siloxanes and other large molecular contaminants. Upstream removal of H2S and water is important to achieving optimal siloxane removal. If not removed, H2S and water can limit the effectiveness of the activated carbon. In contrast to iron sponge, activated carbon performs best with drier digester gas. Therefore, activated carbon vessels should be placed downstream of moisture removal equipment. Digester gas temperature also influences activated carbon performance. Because activated carbon performs best with cool digester gas, this is further reason to locate siloxane removal vessels downstream of moisture removal equipment, which often chills the digester gas. However, after moisture removal the digester gas should be moderately reheated to ensure an acceptable relative humidity and temperature for optimal adsorption. Once exhausted, the nonhazardous activated carbon media can be safely disposed of at most municipal landfills. Silica gels are an alternative to activated carbon that are rapidly gaining acceptance for siloxane removal. Silica gels are reportedly capable of achieving siloxane removal at rates of up to 3 times greater than activated carbon systems. In recent years, several siloxane removal systems with on site media regeneration capabilities have been marketed. Some of these systems employ activated carbon for siloxane removal while others use a proprietary blend of silica gel-based media. Most media regeneration systems are based on a temperature swing adsorption (TSA) process. TSA systems adsorb siloxanes at low temperatures and desorb the captured siloxanes at high temperatures. Captured siloxanes are stripped from the media by passing small amounts of purified digester gas or air over the siloxane-laden media. Recovered siloxanes are eliminated by combusting the recovery air/gas in a dedicated flare. These proprietary systems are continually evolving and improving and seem to have potential as a viable alternative to traditional activated carbon. 4-4PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Facilities
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