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Chapter 2 Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Treatment Facilities The remaining engine exhaust heat, available for recovery, is capable of generating low pressure steam (15 psig) or hot water, up to 220 degrees F. While engine heat is recoverable in the form of steam most POTW’s prefer to recover engine heat in a hot water heat reservoir. Typically, heat reservoir systems are heated by a water or steam boiler. However, where cogeneration engines are used, the heat reservoir can be heated by separate heat exchangers dedicated to various process flows, including engine jacket water, auxiliary cooling water, and engine exhaust. In turn, the heat reservoir transfers a portion of its heat to circulating sludge through sludge heat exchangers. The coupling of sludge heat exchangers to the heat reservoir facilitates the transfer of recovered engine heat to circulating sludge, thus maintaining the appropriate digestion temperature. Figure 2-2. Process Flow Diagram of Typical Internal Combustion Engine CHP System 2.1.3 Exhaust Emissions The primary challenge in selecting internal combustion engines for CHP is exhaust emissions. Typically, exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines are higher than those produced by other prime movers. The most significant pollutants found in internal combustion engine exhaust emissions are carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are also important emission pollutants, given that these non-methane hydrocarbons become more prevalent as the degree of fuel combustion decreases. Oxides of sulfur (SOx) and particulate matter (PM) are largely dependent on the fuel source. In the case of digester gas fuel, these pollutants are often present. As has been previously discussed, lean-burn engines were developed in response to stricter emissions regulations. In most jurisdictions, lean-burn and new generation lean-burn engines are operating and complying with the local air permitting requirements. By operating at fuel-to-air ratios up to 100 percent in excess of the stoichiometric ratio, lean-burn engines operate with lower temperatures in the combustion chamber, which results in lower CO, NOx, and VOC emissions. In response to stricter air emission regulations, most existing rich-burn engines have been converted to lean-burn technology to reduce 2-4PDF Image | Combined Heat and Power Technologies for Wastewater Facilities
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