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resin-starved regions. Such regions are rare, and evacuation pathways are generally occluded by adja- cent plies. Thus, while increasing vacuum hold tem- perature can benefit for thin UD laminates (<8 plies $1mm), the transverse permeability of UD prepregs will eventually decrease to zero when the number of plies increases (>8 plies, in this case). This study provides new insights into air transport in prepregs at intermediate temperatures. Woven pre- pregs have large openings in the fiber bed, and thus increased debulk temperature greatly enhances through-thickness gas transport. However, for most laminates comprised of UD prepregs, heated debulk is not an effective means to achieve air evacuation prior to cure. To increase transverse air evacuation effi- ciency in UD prepregs, prepreg formats with discon- tinuous resin distributions can be a more effective approach [22, 23]. Acknowledgements The work was supported by the M.C. Gill Composites Center. The authors acknowledge Solvay Group (Scott Lucas, Steve Howard) for the donation of the prepreg used in this work and Airtech International Inc. (Cole Standish) for the consumables. Dr. Mark Anders is also acknowledged for his assistance and suggestions. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). [7] Ma Y, Centea T, Nutt SR. Defect reduction strat- egies for the manufacture of contoured laminates using vacuum BAG-only prepregs. Polym Compos. 2017;38:2016–2025. [8] Schlimbach J, Ogale A. Out-of-autoclave curing pro- cess in polymer matrix composites. In: Manufacturing techniques for polymer matrix com- posites (PMCs), pp. 435–480. Woodhead Publishing Limited. 2012. DOI: 10.1533/9780857096258.3.435. [9] Rigard C. Process selection and optimization for out of autoclave prepreg structures. SAMPE J. 2016;52:7–15. [10] Kratz J, Hubert P. Anisotropic air permeability in out-of-autoclave prepregs: Effect on honeycomb panel evacuation prior to cure. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf. 2013;49:179–191. [11] Louis B, Hsiao K, Fernlund G. Gas permeability measurements of out of autoclave prepreg MTM45- 1/CF2426A. SAMPE Conf 2010, May 17–20, Seattle, WA;2010. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en& btnG1⁄4Search&q=intitle:GAS+PERMEABILITYþ MEASUREMENTS+OF+OUT+OF+AUTOCLAVE+PR- EPREG+MTM45-1+/+CF2426A#0. (2010). [12] Arafath ARA, Fernlund G, Poursartip A. Gas trans- port in prepregs: model and permeability experi- ments. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Composite Materials, July 27–31, 1–9. [13] Cender TA, Simacek P, Advani SG. In-plane gas evacuation of partially impregnated pre-preg lami- nates in out of autoclave processing. In: Proceedings of International SAMPE Technical Conference; Baltimore, MD, 2015. [14] Levy A, Kratz J, Hubert P. Air evacuation during vacuum bag only prepreg processing of honeycomb sandwich structures: In-plane air extraction prior to cure. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf. 2015;68:365–376. [15] Tavares SS, Michaud V, Månson J. Through thick- ness air permeability of prepregs during cure. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf. 2009;40:1587–1596. [16] Hu W, Centea T, Nutt S. Effects of material and process parameters on void evolution in unidirec- tional prepreg during vacuum bag-only cure. J Compos Mater. 2020;54:633–645. [17] Centea T, Hubert P. Modelling the effect of mater- ial properties and process parameters on tow impregnation in out-of-autoclave prepregs. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf. 2012;43:1505–1513. [18] Scheidegger A. The physics of flow through porous media. Soil Sci. 1958;86:355. [19] Howard S. Evaluating consolidation dynamics - study of key consolidation parameters in a vacuum bag only (VBO) cure. In: Proceedings of the SAMPE 2016 Technical Conference; Long Beach, CA, 2016. [20] Centea T, Peters G, Hendrie K, et al. Effects of thermal gradients on defect formation during the consolidation of partially impregnated prepregs. J Compos Mater. 2017;51:3987–4003. [21] Fernlund G, Wells J, Fahrang L, et al. Causes and rem- edies for porosity in composite manufacturing. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2016;139. Epub ahead of print [22] Grunenfelder LK, Dills A, Centea T, et al. Effect of pre- preg format on defect control in out-of-autoclave proc- essing. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf. 2017;93:88–99. [23] Schechter SGK, Centea T, Nutt SR. Polymer film dewetting for fabrication of out-of-autoclave pre- preg with high through-thickness permeability. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf. 2018;114:86–96. ORCID Wei Hu Steven Nutt http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1798-3501 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9877-1978 References [1] Centea T, Grunenfelder LK, Nutt SR. A review of out-of-autoclave prepregs - Material properties, pro- cess phenomena, and manufacturing considerations. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf. 2015;70:132–154. [2] Grunenfelder LK, Nutt SR. Void formation in composite prepregs - Effect of dissolved moisture. Compos Sci Technol. 2010;70:2304–2309. [3] Bowles KJ, Frimpong S. Void effects on the inter- laminar shear strength of unidirectional graphite- fiber-reinforced composites. J Compos Mater. 1992;26:1487–1509. [4] Farhang L, Fernlund G. Void and porosity charac- terization of uncured and partially cured prepregs. J Compos Mater. 2016;50:937–948. [5] Centea T, Hubert P. Measuring the impregnation of an out-of-autoclave prepreg by micro-CT. Compos Sci Technol. 2011;71:593–599. [6] Hu W, Grunenfelder LK, Centea T, et al. In-situ monitoring of void evolution in unidirectional pre- preg. J Compos Mater. 2018;52:2847–2858. ADVANCED MANUFACTURING: POLYMER & COMPOSITES SCIENCE 47PDF Image | VACUUM BAGGING SUPPLIES Peel Ply Fabric
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