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20th International Conference on Composite Materials Copenhagen, 19-24th July 2015 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Laminate corner consolidation and porosity results. The generated thickness profiles are plotted and grouped by fibre architecture in Figure 3A-C. In addition, the calculated average percent corner thickening and thickness measurements for each sample and plotted for comparison in Figure 3D-E. Corner thickening occurred in all samples and is partly driven by the friction-thickening mechanism discussed by Levy et al. [18]. The normal bag-side applied pressure during de-bulking and curing combined with a relatively long flange length of roughly 125 mm effectively restricted inter-ply slippage and thus impeded consolidation. In addition, Melanie and Hubert observed that the application of edge breathers—and by extension edge-sealers— at the flange laminate edges directly impedes ply-slippage and induces in an even higher compressive hoop stress in the fibres [14]. In addition, the presence of corner thickening up to and beyond the corner inflection points (or shoulders) for all three UD thickness profiles (Figure 3A) is further indicative of the friction-thickening being in effect. A higher consolidation pressure should theoretically exist over convex tool features provided that inter-ply slippage is not impeded [20]. In contrast to woven laminates, the lower bulk factor of UD tape and relative flexibility and mobility of individual fibres allow for fibre waviness and thickening at the corner shoulders. A 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 C 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 UD sample mean thickness profiles -60 -30 0 30 60 Tool-side edge position, x (mm) 8HS sample mean thickness profiles -60 -30 0 30 60 Tool-side edge position, x (mm) B H R Corner B PW sample mean thickness profiles 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 12 8 4 0 UD E Average thickness measurements (mm) PW 8HS B H R -60 -30 0 30 60 Tool-side edge position, x (mm) D Average corner thickening (%) UD PW 8HS 3.49 2.73 7.41 5.04 3.04 6.38 3.70 1.71 7.72 BHRBHRBHR Flanges Corner Midpoint Figure 3 – Dimensional analysis results: mean thickness profiles of the A) UD, B) PW, and C) 8HS samples; D) Comparison of the average percent corner thickening per sample; and E) average flanges, corner and corner midpoint thickness measurements per sample. Thickness, t (mm) Thickness, t (mm) Thickness, t (mm)PDF Image | VACUUM-BAG-ONLY COMPLEX-SHAPE PREPREG LAMINATE
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