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(b) Processes 2020, 8, 1147 2.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 A2B1 A2B2 A2B3 12 of 16 2.2 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 Corner Region 0 20 40 60 80 100 Composite Length (mm) A3B1 A3B2 A3B3 (c) Figure 8. Thickness across the length of laminates with concave corner produced using (a) SVB, Figure 8. Thickness across the length of laminates with concave corner produced using (a) SVB, (b) (b) MSVB, and (c) DVB techniques. MSVB, and (c) DVB techniques. 3.2. Spring Effect of Laminated Composites 3.2. Spring Effect of Laminated Composites Consistency for the laminated composite to retain the original shape without any spring-forward Consistency for the laminated composite to retain the original shape without any spring-forward or spring-back after curing is highly sought by composite manufacturers. A significantly large amount or spring-back after curing is highly sought by composite manufacturers. A significantly large of residual stresses in laminated composites are likely to develop during the curing process using amount of residual stresses in laminated composites are likely to develop during the curing process complex-shaped molds with blunt corners and lack of draft angle. Figure 9 illustrates the traces of manufactured laminates relative to that of the mold. Figure 9a, c and e shows concave-cornered laminates produced using SVB, MSVB and DVB techniques, respectively. Whereas, Figure 9b,d,f illustrates convex cornering using SVB, MSVB, and DVB techniques, respectively. Spring effect is measured by the measuring the corner angle of final consolidated part. Spring-back effect occurs when the edges of the final laminates are shrunk inwards. In this case, the final corner angle tends to reduce compared to that of intended. Whereas, spring-forward effect occurs when the edges of the final laminates are widened outwards. In this case, the final corner angle tends to increase when compared to that of intended. Please note that there was no visible spring-back or spring-forward behavior. The coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated for all concave- and convex-cornered composites relative to that of the mold and the results are plotted in Figure 9. It was found that the samples shape showed a very close agreement with that of the mold. An insignificant variation in the inclined flange for concave-cornered laminated composites is observed, which can be explained by the relaxation of very low residual stresses accumulated at the corners to ultimately cause deviation. Whereas, the flat flange showed a remarkably close agreement in all bagging techniques and curing profiles. Furthermore, convex-cornered laminated composites showed excellent agreement in both inclined and flat flange regions; however, a slight decrease in the coefficient of correlation is subjected to corner thinning effect which causes data offset during observation. The overall investigation of spring effect (forward and back) in complex shapes showed local curvature angles with adequate corner rounding i.e., 45◦ with a 6.35 mm radius, decreases the potential for deformation after curing. The results reveal fundamental information associated with complex-shaped laminated composites and provide a basis for developing effective manufacturing guidelines. This research highlights the potential of complications with the increase in part size and complexity such as curvature angle and corner radii. Therefore, the results presented in this work must be combined with further research on other processing parameters affecting the shape conformation of prepreg processing. Laminate Thickness (mm) Laminate ThPDF Image | Processing Parameters for Vacuum-Bagging-Only Method on Shape
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