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Processes 2020, 8, 1147 5 of 16 vacuum. Additionally, three reinforcements of 20 mm × 20 mm × 2 mm (mild steel) square hollow section were employed to avoid inward bending of tool’s walls under vacuum. Processes 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 16 Figure 2. The mold with a concave corner and a convex corner inclined at 45°, used for the Figure 2. The mold with a concave corner and a convex corner inclined at 45 , used for the manufacturing omfalnamufiancattuerdincgomofplaomsitienasatemdpcloems. posite samples. 2.4. Taguchi Orthogonal Array 2.4. Taguchi Orthogonal Array Taguchi orthogonal arrays are highly fractional designs, used to estimate main effects using only a Taguchi orthogonal arrays are highly fractional designs, used to estimate main effects using only fewexperimentalruns.Taguchifullfractionaltrailrequiresatotalof3kruknsforknumberoffactorsto a few experimental runs. Taguchi full fractional trail requires a total of 3 runs for k number of factors be studied. In such an experimental design, k runs are used to study the “effects” of factors, while the to be studied. In such an experimental design, k runs are used to study the “effects” of factors, while remaining runs are used to track all possible interactions between these factors. When an investigation the remaining runs are used to track all possible interactions between these factors. When an of every possible interaction becomes time-consuming and expensive, a Taguchi fractional factorial investigation of every possible interaction becomes time-consuming and expensive, a Taguchi trial could be used to analyze only the “main effects” which give sufficient information from only a fractional factorial trial could be used to analyze only the “main effects” which give sufficient few experimental trials. The main effects refer to the contributing factors themselves as an individual. information from only a few experimental trials. The main effects refer to the contributing factors themselves as an, not effects due to interactions between the factors. Nine sets of laminate samples themselves as an individual. themselves as an, not effects due to interactions between the factors. were produced using bagging techniques (SVB, MSVB, and DVB), curing profiles (MRCC, EMRCC, Nine sets of laminate samples were produced using bagging techniques (SVB, MSVB, and DVB), and DC) and laminate shapes (concave and convex). Each set of experiments is repeated three times to curing profiles (MRCC, EMRCC, and DC) and laminate shapes (concave and convex). Each set of ensuretherepeatability.TaguchiL orthogonalarraywasusedforbothconcave-andconvex-cornered experiments is repeated three time9s to ensure the repeatability. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was used composite laminates, as shown in Table 1. for both concave- and convex-cornered composite laminates, as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Experimental plan for both concave- and convex-cornered composite laminates using Taguchi Table 1. Experimental plan for both concave- and convex-cornered composite laminates using L9 orthogonal array. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. ◦ Samples Bagging Techniques (A) Curing Profiles (B) Samples Bagging Techniques (A) Curing Profiles (B) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MRCC (B1()B ) SVB (A) EMRCC (B) 1 SSVVBB (A(A)1) 11 SVB (A11) EMRCC (B2)2 SVB (A1) DC (B3) SVB (A1) DC (B3) MSVB (A2 ) MRCC (B1 ) MSVB (A2) MRCC (B1) MSVB (A2 ) EMRCC (B2 ) MSVB (A2) EMRCC (B2) MSVB (A2) DC (B3) DMVSBVB (A(A)2) MDRCC (B3()B ) 31 DVB (A) EMRCC (B) 32 DVB (A3) MRCC (B1) DVB (A3) DC (B3) DVB (A3) EMRCC (B2) DVB (A3) DC (B3) 2.5. Curing Profiles Carbon prepregs of dimensions 100 mm × 50 mm were given an adequate four days of freezer out-time at 20 °C before processing. The stacking of prepregs onto the mold was performed without debulking. An MRCC for SVB and MSVB technique consists of 4 h dwell at 70 °C (B-stage) and 1 h dwell at 120 °C (C-stage), as shown in Figure 3a. Two ramp rates were used: 1 °C/min up to 70 °C, and 2 °C/min from 70 °C to 120 °C. A full vacuum was pulled at room temperature by applying 100PDF Image | Processing Parameters for Vacuum-Bagging-Only Method on Shape
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