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economical to deal with a problem when it is first noticed rather than when it becomes a major issue. Therefore, the concerns that companies had about this issue are justified. Use of optimized schedules (i.e., schedules that try to reduce degrade and time of drying) were considered an important issue for Canadian wood products companies (mean value 3.9). Denig (1994a) stresses the importance of drying schedules and states that no drying schedule can ever be ideal. Its success can be measured against the specified objectives. For example, some schedules focus on product quality, while others emphasize production volume. It is not possible to create a schedule that achieves the highest product quality together with the minimum drying time. There are always compromises that have to be made. Denig also mentions the following factors that can explain why kiln schedules may be ineffective: • Failure to sort boards according to moisture content before kiln drying. • Use of inappropriate equipment (i.e., kilns) for the particular species dried. • Lack of pre-drying (especially for species with high initial moisture content). • Use of non-representative board samples. • Use of control equipment without calibration. • Operator's failure to use sample measurements in order to make adjustments to the kiln schedule. • Lack of continuous measurements of kiln conditions (measurements are necessary before schedule modifications). • Lack of consistency in kiln conditions (particularly caused by fluctuating steam flow). Therefore, the multitude of factors that affects the success of kiln schedules (including operator's knowledge, use of the right equipment, application of correct procedures and even management attitude towards kiln drying) makes them difficult to optimize. Thermal energy consumption (mean value 3.6) appeared to be an important issue, on average, while electrical energy consumption (mean value 3.1) was rated as moderately important. Energy considerations are vital considering that drying consumes approximately 70% of the total energy used for manufacturing wood products (Toennisson, 1990). Although companies seemed concerned with energy related issues, it 85PDF Image | KILN DRYING PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN CANADA
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