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of airflow (Hua et al., 2001). Thus, kiln design can be optimized. However, kilns using older technology usually do not achieve a high degree of uniformity of conditions and kiln controls are not responsive (Denig, 1994b). Proper upgrading can improve them. For example, the use of wide plenums will produce more uniform airflow. Approaches like zone control, which guarantee that there will not be variations in temperature within a kiln at any heating rate, can improve heat uniformity. Moreover, fire hazards can be reduced when upgrading kilns because over-dried pieces, which pose the greatest fire hazards, are minimized (McConnell, 1990). The selection of proper kiln layout is also important. Factors like kiln capacity, kiln length or door size will determine the size and quantity of lumber that can enter into the kiln. All of these factors should be considered before installing the kiln, since it would be more difficult to make any adjustments or modifications later (Carter & Davidson, 1996). The next sections focus on factors that affect the kiln process. Issues like achieving uniform air flow, minimizing energy required for drying, applying and optimizing kiln schedules, controlling corrosion, maintaining equipment as well as different kiln types (with each having different advantages and disadvantages) are presented. 2.4.1. Air Flow Air flow causes major problems in many operations because it is difficult to control. In many kilns, uneven air flow (with more air flow occurring at the bottom of the stack) can cause wide variations in final moisture content or over-drying (i.e., some boards will be dried below the target moisture content). Uneven air flow can be the result of low air speed (McConnell, 1990). Fans must provide adequate power to circulate the air (Smith, 1996). Increasing air flow can provide less moisture variation inside the kiln and, therefore, reduce over-drying. 9PDF Image | KILN DRYING PROBLEMS AND ISSUES IN CANADA
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