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Final Drying time (hrs) Volume air dry yard (MBF) Maximum drying temperature (F) Minimum drying temperature (F) Forklift wage ($/yr) Lumber graders ($/yr) Wage for kiln operator and yard supervisor ($/yr) Fuel consumption (hog waste) (tons/day) Fuel cost ($/ton) Annual electrical usage attributed to drying (kWh/yr) Electrical cost ($/kWh) Initial MC (%) Final MC (%) Raw Material Cost ($/MBF) Plant C, D, E Plant C, D, E Plant C, D, E Plant C, D, E Plant D and E Plant D and E Plant D and E Plant D Plant D none Plant D Plant C, D, E Plant C, D, E none OPERATIONAL VARIABLES ENERGY COSTS Two case studies were developed to estimate the cost for drying using different drying methods. Plant C and D were chosen for each case study. Plant C dries wood for flooring and for selling dried lumber, while Plant D is an industry that only dries lumber for flooring production. Plant C was not able to provide the complete cost information for the flooring production solely, so a hypothetical case was developed. The hypothetical case consisted of an estimation of the parameters for drying only the lumber needed for flooring production. Some data had to be estimated as it was not available from the manufacturers. For example, the fence price was determined by using an approximation of the area (provided by the company) and an online estimator. The cost model for each case study was calculated for three scenarios: 1) conventional drying (air drying +kiln drying), 2) vacuum with air drying, and 3) vacuum with no air drying. The formulas that were used to calculate the costs are presented in Appendix II. Tables 14 and 15 show the total costs for each variable analyzed according to each scenario: conventional drying, vacuum with air drying, and vacuum with no air drying. 70PDF Image | Impact of Vacuum-Drying on Efficiency of Hardwood Products
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