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Figure 7. The heartwood in these hickory logs is the darker-brown colored wood surrounding the center of the logs. The sapwood is the pale brown-colored wood between the heartwood and bark. The proportion of heartwood differs significantly from log to log, though this is not unique to hickory. PORES AND GROWTH RINGS. All hardwoods (trees with broad leaves instead of needles) have pores – continuous cellular tubes that convey sap from the roots to the leaves and vice-versa; they’re also known as vessels. Pores run parallel to the fibers; the significance of pores to dry kiln operators is that they play an important part in the conduction of water out of the wood during drying. Water can exit lumber via the pores very quickly, especially on the end grain of a piece of lumber. This can cause headaches due to uncontrolled localized shrinkage (perhaps even splits) on the ends of hardwood boards, but it’s easily managed. Softwoods (coniferous trees) do not contain pores, but water still exits from the board ends faster than it does from the side grain. Each annual growth increment is called a growth ring, and these are readily seen on the ends of logs. Most hardwood species have pores distributed within the growth ring according to one of two arrangements. In some species, the pores in the first-formed part of each growth ring (called the earlywood) are significantly larger than the pores found in the rest of the growth ring (the latewood), so the growth rings are easy to distinguish. These species are called ring porous species; examples of ring porous species include the oaks, elms, and ash. In other species the pores are essentially the same size and distributed fairly uniformly. These species are called diffuse porous species. Trees such as maple, beech and sycamore are examples of diffuse porous species (see Figure 8). 16PDF Image | HARDWOOD DRY KILN OPERATION A MANUAL FOR OPERATORS OF SMALL DRY KILNS
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