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5.3.4.1 Weave & Stitch With the ‘Weave & Stitch’ method the +45° and -45° layers can be made by weaving weft Unidirectionals and then skewing the fabric, on a special machine, to 45°. A warp unidirectional or a weft unidirectional can also be used unskewed to make a 0° and 90° layer If both 0° and 90° layers are present in a multi-layer stitched fabric then this can be provided by a conventional 0/90° woven fabric. Due to the fact that heavy rovings can be used to make each layer the weaving process is relatively fast, as is the subsequent stitching together of the layers via a simple stitching frame. Weft Unidirectional Layer 1 Layer 2 Skew to 45o - 45o + 45o Stitch the skewed layers together ± 45o fabric To make a quadraxial (four-layer: +45°, 0°, 90°, -45°) fabric by this method, a weft unidirectional would be woven and skewed in one direction to make the +45° layer, and in the other to make the -45° layer. The 0° and 90° layers would appear as a single woven fabric. These three elements would then be stitched together on a stitching frame to produce the final four-axis fabric. 5.3.4.2 Simultaneous Stitch Simultaneous stitch manufacture is carried out on special machines based on the knitting process, such as those made by Liba, Malimo, Mayer, etc. Each machine var- ies in the precision with which the fibres are laid down, particularly with reference to keeping the fibres parallel. These types of machine have a frame which simultaneously draws in fibres for each axis/layer, until the required layers have been assembled, and then stitches them together, as shown in the diagram below. 38 - GTC-6-0417 Courtesy Liba Maschinenfabrick GMBHPDF Image | GUIDE TO COMPOSITES
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