Effects of Processing Parameters for Vacuum-Bagging

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Effects of Processing Parameters for Vacuum-Bagging ( effects-processing-parameters-vacuum-bagging )

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Processes 2020, 8, 1147 14 of 16 avoid corner thickness deviation and resin accumulation. Furthermore, the use of intensifiers could further maximize thickness uniformity. Curing profiles and their interaction with bagging techniques showed no statistical significance in the controllability of laminate thickness variation. The coefficient of correlation exhibited a good agreement in terms of spring effect for all samples with no major data offset. The statistical analysis of VBO processing parameters and their effects on shape non-conformity provide important information for defect controllability in complex-shaped laminated composites. Understanding the consolidation of laminates with complex shapes provide vital insight to design experimental guidelines for corner thickness variation and spring effect for various processing parameters. The results presented in this study could also be extended to other OOA processes with various complicated part geometries, such as those employing inserts during manufacturing. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, Y.M., N.S.; methodology, Y.M., N.S.; experimentation, Y.M.; investigation, Y.M., N.S.; resources, N.S., M.M.; data curation, Y.M., N.S., M.Z.A., F.M.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.M.; writing—review and editing, Y.M., N.S., M.Z.A., F.M.; supervision, N.S., M.Z.A.; project administration, Y.M., N.S., M.M.; funding acquisition, N.S., M.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was partially funded by Yayasan Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS under grant number YUTP-FRG-015LC0-247. Acknowledgments: The authors are thankful to Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS for providing financial assistance and highly sought facilities to conduct this research. Y.M. would like to express great appreciation to Ali Naqi Taqi of Meezan Educational Trust, Pakistan, for invaluable insight and support. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Degenhardt, R.; Castro, S.G.; Arbelo, M.A.; Zimmerman, R.; Khakimova, R.; Kling, A. Future structural stability design for composite space and airframe structures. Thin Walled Struct. 2014, 81, 29–38. [CrossRef] 2. Sun, G.; Yu, H.; Wang, Z.; Xiao, Z.; Li, Q. Energy absorption mechanics and design optimization of CFRP/aluminium hybrid structures for transverse loading. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 2019, 150, 767–783. [CrossRef] 3. Elmarakbi, A. Advanced Composite Materials for Automotive Applications: Structural Integrity and Crashworthiness; John Wiley & Sons: West Sussex, UK, 2013. 4. Tran, P.; Nguyen, Q.T.; Lau, K. Fire performance of polymer-based composites for maritime infrastructure. Compos. Part B Eng. 2018, 155, 31–48. [CrossRef] 5. García-Espinel, J.D.; Alvarez-García-Lubén, R.; González-Herrero, J.; Castro-Fresno, D. Design and construction methods of caisson-type maritime infrastructures using GFRP. J. Compos. Constr. 2016, 20, 05015002. [CrossRef] 6. Ribeiro, F.; Sena-Cruz, J.; Branco, F.G.; Júlio, E. Hybrid effect and pseudo-ductile behaviour of unidirectional interlayer hybrid FRP composites for civil engineering applications. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 171, 871–890. [CrossRef] 7. Wagih, A.; Sebaey, T.; Yudhanto, A.; Lubineau, G. Post-impact flexural behavior of carbon-aramid/epoxy hybrid composites. Compos. Struct. 2020, 239, 112022. [CrossRef] 8. Zegaoui, A.; Derradji, M.; Dayo, A.Q.; Medjahed, A.; Zhang, H.-Y.; Cai, W.-A.; Liu, W.-B.; Ma, R.-K.; Wang, J. High-performance polymer composites with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties from cyanate ester/benzoxazine resin and short Kevlar/glass hybrid fibers. High Perform. Polym. 2019, 31, 719–732. [CrossRef] 9. Matykiewicz, D. Biochar as an Effective Filler of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Bio-Epoxy Composites. Processes 2020, 8, 724. [CrossRef] 10. Shah, S.; Megat Yusoff, P.S.; Karuppanan, S.; Sajid, Z. Elastic Constants Prediction of 3D Fiber-Reinforced Composites Using Multiscale Homogenization. Processes 2020, 8, 722. [CrossRef] 11. Singh, A.P.; Sharma, M.; Singh, I. A review of modeling and control during drilling of fiber reinforced plastic composites. Compos. Part B Eng. 2013, 47, 118–125. [CrossRef]

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