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Processes 2020, 8, 1147 7 of 16 EMRCC profile was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) Q2000 V24. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was determined to indicate a low degree of cure for uncured resin. Hence, EMRCC for SVB and DVB techniques was formulated by incorporating an additional one hour dwell at 95 ◦C with a ramp rate of 2 ◦C/min. EMRCC for SVB and MSVB techniques are shown in Figure 3c with a single pressure profile (for a single bag). Figure 3d indicates two pressure profiles for inner and outer bags used in DVB, whereas the temperature profile is identical in both SVB/MSVB and DVB techniques. For DPrCoce,stshese20fi20r,s8t, dx FwOeRllPEteEmR RpEeVrIaEtWure was set to 95 ◦C instead of the recommended 70 ◦C (as in7 oMf 1R6CC) for 6 h for both SVB and DVB. DC for SVB and MSVB techniques are shown in Figure 3e with a single Figure 3. (a) MRCC for SVB and MSVB (b) MRCC for DVB (c) EMRCC for SVB and MSVB (d) EMRCC pressure profile (for a single bag) and Figure 3f indicates two pressure profiles for inner and outer bags for DVB (e) DC for SVB and MSVB (f) DC for DVB. used in DVB, whereas the temperature profile is identical in both SVB/MSVB and DVB techniques. 2.6. Characterization of Thickness Variation and Spring Effect 2.6. Characterization of Thickness Variation and Spring Effect All samples were cut from the center into two equal pieces using a C350 diamond blade cutter All samples were cut from the center into two equal pieces using a C350 diamond blade cutter with a 350 mm diameter. Inward-facing cross-sectional areas of all samples were then polished by with a 350 mm diameter. Inward-facing cross-sectional areas of all samples were then polished by 500, 500, 800, and 1000 grit sandpapers, respectively. To quantify the laminate thickness, nine 800, and 1000 grit sandpapers, respectively. To quantify the laminate thickness, nine measurement measurement locations were selected, with three located in the left flange, three in the corner, and locations were selected, with three located in the left flange, three in the corner, and three in the right three in the right flange, as shown in Figure 4. The thickness at each individual location was then flange, as shown in Figure 4. The thickness at each individual location was then measured using measured using a Mitutoyo 0–25 mm micrometer screw gauge with a precision up to 0.001 mm. For aMietaucthoyloca0t–io2n5,manmavmeriacgroemofetseixrrsecardewinggsawuegrewcailtchulatpedre.cTishieoncouefpfictioen0t.0o0f1vmarimat.ioFno(rCeoaVc)holfotchaetion, anatvheircakgnesosf,shixowrenadininEgqsuwateiorenc(a1l)c,uwlasteuds.eTdhtoecomeffipucitenatsoifnvglaerinautimoner(icCaolVm)eotrficthfeorththicektnheicsksn,sehssown non-uniformity of the entire laminate (n is the number of measurement locations). Once the samples in Equation (1), was used to compute a single numerical metric for the thickness non-uniformity of the completed their curing cycles in the oven, the mold was allowed to cool down for 20 min. The samples entire laminate (n is the number of measurement locations). Once the samples completed their curing were removed from the mold and then they were allowed to spring back or spring forward. The angle cycles in the oven, the mold was allowed to cool down for 20 min. The samples were removed from of deformation was measured for every specimen. The coefficient of determination (R2) was the mold and then they were allowed to spring back or spring forward. The angle of deformation was calculated to quantify the spring effect, which is a statistical measure of how close the specimens were measured for every specimen. The coefficient of determination (R2) was calculated to quantify the to the actual mold shape. spring effect, which is a statistical measure of how close the specimens were to the actual mold shape. (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4. Schematics of (a) slicing of composite laminate from the center in a longitudinal direction Figure 4. Schematics of (a) slicing of composite laminate from the center in a longitudinal direction and (b) cross-sectional view of composite laminates with thickness measurement locations. The actual and (b) cross-sectional view of composite laminates with thickness measurement locations. The actual specimens slicing and thickness measurement criteria are uniform in both (c) concave- and (d) convex- specimens slicing and thickness measurement criteria are uniform in both (c) concave- and (d) convex- cornered composite laminates. cornered composite laminates. 1 Coefficient of Variation 1 (1)PDF Image | Effects of Processing Parameters for Vacuum-Bagging
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