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9 porosity and through-thickness void are reported when using DVB, i.e. 0.04 % and 0.5 %, respectively. These results are superior when compared to laminates produced using SVB technique which demonstrated the content of surface porosity and through-thickness void of 0.1 % and 0.7 %, respectively. The SVB technique holds the laminate tightly during the entire curing process, leaving minimal space for entrapped air to be evacuated, which results in the worse pitting effect. On the contrary to the SVB technique, the ballooning effect in DVB allows entrapped volatiles to be evacuated, resulting in a reduction of 69 % lower content of surface porosity and 36 % through-thickness void. These observations conclusively elucidate that the DVB technique is better in vigorously removing the entrapped volatiles so as to achieve a lower content of voids. It is observed that the increment of thickness in laminates further hinders the air evacuation process and worsens the void contents, as shown in Figure 7(b). Table 2: Surface porosity and through-thickness void content. Bagging Techniques SVB SVB SVB DVB DVB DVB Laminate Surface Thickness Porosity (%) (mm) 1.6 0.100 2.5 0.117 3.2 0.120 1.6 0.030 2.5 0.040 3.2 0.036 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Though- Thickness Void (%) 0.484 0.754 0.904 0.229 0.462 0.675 Samples 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Vacuum Bagging Techniques Surface Porosity (%) Through-Thickness Void (%) (a) 0 SVB DVB 1.6mm 2.5mm 3.2mm Vacuum Bagging Techniques Surface Porosity (%) Through-Thickness Void (%) (b) Figure 7: Surface porosity and through-thickness void in laminates produced using (a) various vacuum bagging techniques, and (b) various laminate thicknesses. The content of surface porosity is almost similar in all laminates with an average of 0.07 %. This similar pitting effect indicates that the evacuation process Void Content (%) Void Content (%)PDF Image | Comparison of Single-Vacuum-Bag and Double-Vacuum-Bag Methods
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