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AC 43.13-1B 9/8/98 of an exhaust outlet guard as shown in fig- ures 8-21a and 8-21b. The outlet guard may be fabricated from a 3/16-inch stainless steel welding rod. Form the rod into two “U” shaped segments, approximately 3 inches long and weld onto the exhaust tail pipe as shown in figure 8-21b so that the guard will extend 2 inches inside the exhaust muffler outlet port. Installation of an exhaust outlet guard does not negate the im- portance of thorough inspection of the internal parts of the muffler or the necessity of replac- ing defective mufflers. 8-49. INSPECTION. Inspect exhaust sys- tems frequently to ascertain complete system integrity. CAUTION: Marking of exhaust sys- tem parts. Never use lead pencils, carbon based pencils, etc., to mark exhaust system parts. Carbon depos- ited by those tools will cause cracks from heat concentration and carboni- zation of the metal. If exhaust system parts must be marked, use chalk, Prussian blue, India ink, or a grease pencil that is carbon-free. a. Before any cleaning operation, re- move the cowling as required to expose the complete exhaust system. Examine cowling and nacelle areas adjacent to exhaust system components for telltale signs of exhaust gas soot indicating possible leakage points. Check to make sure no portion of the exhaust system is being chafed by cowling, engine control ca- bles, or other components. The exhaust sys- tem often operates at red-hot temperatures of 1,000 °F or more; therefore, parts such as ig- nition leads, hoses, fuel lines, and flexible air ducts, should be protected from radiation and convection heating by heat shields or adequate clearance. b. Remove or loosen all exhaust shields, carburetor and cabin heater muffs, shrouds, heat blankets, etc., required to permit inspec- tion of the complete system. c. Perform necessary cleaning opera- tions and inspect all external surfaces of the exhaust system for cracks, dents, and missing parts. Pay particular attention to welds, clamps, supports and support attachment lugs, bracing, slip joints, stack flanges, gaskets, flexible couplings, and etc. (See figures 8-22 and 8-23.) Examine the heel of each bend, ar- eas adjacent to welds, any dented areas, and low spots in the system for thinning and pitting due to internal erosion by combustion products or accumulated moisture. An ice pick (or similar pointed instrument) is useful in probing suspected areas. Disassemble the system as necessary to inspect internal baffles or diffus- ers. d. Should a component be inaccessible for a thorough visual inspection or hidden by non-removable parts, remove the component and check for possible leaks by plugging its openings, applying approximately 2 psi inter- nal pressure, and submerging it in water. Any leaks will cause bubbles that can be readily detected. Dry thoroughly before reinstallation. 8-50. REPAIRS. It is generally recom- mended that exhaust stacks, mufflers, tail- pipes, and etc., be replaced with new or recon- ditioned components rather than repaired. Welded repairs to exhaust systems are compli- cated by the difficulty of accurately identifying the base metal so that the proper repair materi- als can be selected. Changes in composition and grain structure of the original base metal further complicates the repair. However, when welded repairs are necessary, follow the gen- eral procedures outlined in Chapter 4; Metal Structure, Welding, and Brazing; of this AC. Retain the original contours and make sure that Page 8-26 Par 8-48PDF Image | AFS-640
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