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9/27/01 AC 43.13-1B CHG 1 FIGURE 5-17. Typical portable ultrasonic inspection in- strument. ultrasonic pulse, detects and amplifies the re- turning echo, and displays the detected signal on a cathode ray tube or similar display. Pie- zoelectric transducers produce longitudinal or shear waves, which are the most commonly used wave forms for aircraft structural inspec- tion. b. Positioning Fixtures. To direct ultra- sound at a particular angle, or to couple it into an irregular surface, transducer positioning fixtures and sound-coupling shoes are em- ployed. (See figure 5-18.) Shoes are made of a plastic material that has the necessary sound- transmitting characteristics. Positioning fix- tures are used to locate the transducer at a pre- scribed point and can increase the sensitivity of the inspection. (See figure 5-19.) If a transducer shoe or positioning fixture is re- quired, the inspection procedure will give a detailed description of the shoe or fixture. c. Reference Standards. Reference stan- dards are used to calibrate the ultrasonic in- strument (see figure 5-20), reference standards serve two purposes to provide an ultrasonic re- sponse pattern that is related to the part being inspected, and to establish the required inspec- tion sensitivity. To obtain a representative re- sponse pattern, the reference standard configu- ration is the same as that of the test structure, or is a configuration that provides an ultrasonic response pattern representative of the test structure. The reference standard contains a simulated defect (notch) that is positioned to provide a calibration signal representative of the expected defect. The notch size is chosen to establish inspection sensitivity (response to the expected defect size). The inspection pro- cedure gives a detailed description of the re- quired reference standard. d. Couplants. Inspection with ultrasonics is limited to the part in contact with the trans- ducer. A layer of couplant is required to cou- ple the transducer to the test piece because ul- trasonic energy will not travel through air. Some typical couplants used are: water, glyc- erin, motor oils, and grease. Par 5-93 Page 5-43 5-94. INSPECTION OF STRUCTURES. Ultrasonic inspection is finding increasing application in aircraft bonded construction and repair. Detailed tech- niques for specific bonded structures should be obtained from the OEM’s manuals, or FAA re- quirements. In addition, further information on the operation of specific instruments should be obtained from the applicable equipment manufacturer manuals. a. Types of Bonded Structures. Many configurations and types of bonded structures are in use in aircraft. All of these variations complicate the application of ultrasonic in- spections. An inspection method that works well on one part or one area of the part may not be applicable for different parts or areas of the same part. Some of the variables in the types of bonded structures are as follows. (1) Top skin material is made from dif- ferent materials and thickness. (2) Different types and thickness of ad- hesives are used in bonded structures. BONDEDPDF Image | AFS-640
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