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9/27/01 AC 43.13-1B CHG 1 CAUTION: Improper cleaning meth- ods can cause severe damage or deg- radation of the item being cleaned. Personnel must select and apply cleaning processes in accordance with aircraft, engine, propeller, or appli- ance manufacturer’s recommenda- tions. 5-63. CLEANERS AND APPLICATIONS. Use a cleaner to remove contaminants from parts prior to the application of penetrant in- spection materials. After the inspection is completed, penetrant inspection material resi- dues are removed. The following cleaners are commonly used during the penetrant inspec- tion process. a. Detergents. Detergent cleaners are water-based chemicals called surfactants, which surround and attach themselves to parti- cles of contaminants allowing them to be washed away. b. Solvents. Solvents dissolve contami- nants such as oils, greases, waxes, sealants, paints, and general organic matter so they can easily be wiped away or absorbed on a cloth. They are also used to remove Method C pene- trant material prior to developer application. c. Alkalies. Alkaline cleaners are water solutions of chemicals that remove contami- nants by chemical action or displacement rather than dissolving the contaminant. d. Paint Removers. The general types of removers used for conventional paint coatings are solvent, bond release, and disintegrating. e. Salt Baths. Molten salt baths are used in removing heavy, tightly-held scale and ox- ide from low alloy steels, nickel, and cobalt- base alloys, and some types of stainless steel. They cannot be used on aluminum, magne- sium, or titanium alloys. f. Acids. Solutions of acids or their salts are used to remove rust, scale, corrosion prod- ucts, and dry shop contamination. The type of acid used and its concentration depends on the part material and contaminants to be removed. g. Etching Chemicals. Etching chemicals contain a mixture of acids or alkalies plus in- hibitors. They are used to remove a thin layer of surface material, usually caused by a me- chanical process, that may seal or reduce the opening of any discontinuities. The type of etching solution used depends on the part ma- terial and condition. h. Penetrant Application. Apply the penetrant by spraying, brushing, or by com- pletely submerging the part in a container of penetrant. Wait the recommended amount of time after the penetrant has been applied to allow it to enter any discontinuities (1) Removal of Excess Penetrant. Ex- cess penetrant must be removed from the part’s surface to prevent a loss of contrast be- tween indications of discontinuities and the background during the inspection. Removal may require actually washing or spraying the part with a cleansing liquid, or may simply re- quire wiping the part clean with a solvent- moistened cloth. The removal method is de- termined by the type of penetrant used. (2) Drying. If removal of the excess penetrant involves water or other cleaning liq- uids, drying of the part may be required prior to developer application. When drying is re- quired, the time can be decreased by using ov- ens or ventilation systems. i. Developer Application. Apply devel- oper after excess penetrant is removed and, where required, the surface is dried. Apply the developer in a thin uniform layer over the sur- face to be inspected. Developer acts like a Par 5-62 Page 5-33PDF Image | AFS-640
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