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9/27/01 AC 43.13-1B CHG 1 CHAPTER 4. METAL STRUCTURE, WELDING, AND BRAZING SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION OF METALS 4-1. GENERAL. Proper identification of the aircraft structural material is the first step in ensuring that the continuing airworthiness of the aircraft will not be degraded by making an improper repair using the wrong materials. a. Ferrous (iron) alloy materials are generally classified according to carbon con tent. (See table 4-1.) TABLE 4-1. Ferrous (iron) alloy materials. high temperatures, as this practice will cause the grain structure to enlarge. The length of time required for the soaking temperature de pends on the mass of the metal being treated. The soaking time is roughly 1⁄4 hour per inch of the diameter of thickness (Ref: Military Tech Order (T.O.) 1-1A-9). 4-2. IDENTIFICATION OF STEEL STOCK. The Society of Automotive Engi neers (SAE) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) use a numerical index system to identify the composition of various steels. The numbers assigned in the combined listing of standard steels issued by these groups repre sent the type of steel and make it possible to readily identify the principal elements in the material. a. The basic numbers for the four digit series of the carbon and alloy steel may be found in table 4-2. The first digit of the four number designation indicates the type to which the steel belongs. Thus, “1” indicates a carbon steel, “2” a nickel steel, “3” a nickel chromium steel, etc. In the case of simple alloy steels, the second digit indicates the approximate per centage of the predominant alloying element. The last two digits usually indicate the mean of the range of carbon content. Thus, the desig nation “1020” indicates a plain carbon steel lacking a principal alloying element and con taining an average of 0.20 percent (0.18 to 0.23) carbon. The designation “2330” indicates a nickel steel of approximately 3 percent (3.25 to 3.75) nickel and an average of 0.30 percent, (0.28 to 0.33) carbon content. The designation “4130” indicates a chromium- molybdenum steel of approximately 1 percent (0.80 to 1.10) chromium, 0.20 percent (0.15 to 0.25) molybdenum, and 0.30 percent (0.28 to 0.33) carbon. MATERIALS Wrought iron Low carbon steel Medium carbon steel High carbon steel Cast iron CARBON CONTENT Trace to 0.08% 0.08% to 0.30% 0.30% to 0.60% 0.60% to 2.2% 2.3% to 4.5% b. The strength and ductility, or tough ness of steel, is controlled by the kind and quantity of alloys used and also by cold-working or heat-treating processes used in manufacturing. In general, any process that increases the strength of a material will also decrease its ductility. c. Normalizing is heating steel to ap proximately 150 °F to 225 °F above the steel’s critical temperature range, followed by cooling to below that range in still air at ordinary tem perature. Normalizing may be classified as a form of annealing. This process also removes stresses due to machining, forging, bending, and welding. After the metal has been held at this temperature for a sufficient time to be heated uniformly throughout, remove the metal from the furnace and cool in still air. Avoid prolonging the soaking of the metal at Par 4-5 Page 4-1PDF Image | AFS-640
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