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temperature is taken from the reservoir and the temperature in the flow connector can then be arbitrarily inaccurate. The dynamics in the real temperature sensors are modelled as a first order filter with a time constant of 1.5 seconds and a unit gain. 5.10 The Generator, Friction losses and Auxiliary equipment models The microturbine model in this thesis is focused on the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of the T100 microturbine. Therefore the model includes the mechanical work the generator consumes but not the electricity it generates. The electric power the generator is supposed to produce is given by the user via a parameter. The losses in the power electronics, which includes the electrical part of the generator, are modelled with an efficiency variable. Friction in the two bearings that supports the single rotating shaft, are modelled as a linear function of the electrical power generated. The friction model is taken from the DSA model. The microturbine has auxiliary equipment that runs on its own generated electricity, thus reducing the amount of electrical power that can be supplied to the grid. The auxiliary equipment is the fuel booster, ventilation fan, oil pump, water cooling pump, oil separator and the buffer air pump. Altogether the losses are gathered in a separate model that calculates the necessary engine power output, as a function of the desired electrical power output. The engine power output is defined as the difference in produced power from the turbine and the consumed power by the compressor. engine electric η pe where m and k are coefficients in the linear friction model and ηpe is the efficiency of the power electronics. The engine power output and its corresponding torque are related to the total torque equation as follows: (5.10.2) where the turbine power and torque have negative values to reflect the producing capacity of the turbine. 5.11 Flow Sources and Reservoirs The air flowing into the compressor is taken from the outside surroundings. In the model, the air flow is modelled as coming from an infinite source with a mass flow, temperature and pressure set by the user. A source is a control volume of infinite size, i.e. the states of the air are not changed regardless of how much air that is extracted from it. There are three possible inputs to the flow source, which can be used to vary the temperature, pressure and mass flow during simulation. The input signals act as the derivative of the properties, in order to maintain flow properties that are differentiable. In the source, the initial chemical composition is set if the medium has more than one component, e.g. air or natural gas. The exhaust gases of the microturbine are rejected into the atmosphere, which is modelled as an infinite reservoir. A reservoir is the same as a source; the only difference is that mass is rejected to a reservoir and mass is extracted from a source. Since no mass is extracted from the reservoir, the properties mass flow and temperature have no significance in this case. Very important properties, however, are the pressures at the source and the reservoir, since it is the pressure difference that partially states the pressures in each component. The pressure difference is also important for the calculation of the mass flow. P =(m+k⋅P )+ 1 ⋅(P +P ) (5.10.1) auxialiary electric P+P+P τ turbine + τ compressor + τ output = turb comp engine output = 0 ω 41PDF Image | Modelling of Microturbine Systems
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