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Renewable Microgenerators Intensive efforts devoted to the development of renewable energy systems by governments and the private sector for more than 30 years have begun to yield serious commercial offerings in two areas: wind energy technology and photovoltaics. Wind energy technology has evolved rapidly in the last two decades, and wind turbines in the range of 500 kW to 3 MW are now deployed commercially around the world in large-scale wind farms. Commercially available wind energy systems produce electric energy at costs that are competitive with electricity generated by conventional power plants and available on the grid. Although in principle wind turbines can be sited individually (and often are at remote locations, such as telecom repeater stations, off-grid cabins, and research stations in Antarctica), they are not suitable for distributed generation in urban areas. Therefore, they will only contribute in a minor way to the paradigm shift. The most significant technical advances in distributed renewable-energy systems have occurred in photovoltaics, the direct generation of electricity via sunlight absorbed by, and exciting electrons in, a semiconductor. Progress on thin-film photovoltaic devices (e.g., using films of semiconductors, such as amorphous silicon, CdTe, and copper-indium-diselenide) has been somewhat disappointing. However, the performance of crystalline silicon, particularly thin- ribbon polycrystalline silicon, continues to improve (12 to 20 percent efficiency). Costs have come down progressively on an 80 percent experience, or “learning,” curve. Photovoltaic modules are now available on the world market at less than $3.00/W, and building-integrated photovoltaic systems (e.g., roof tiles, decorative panels, sun shades, and skylights) are being widely installed in grid-connected applications in Europe, Japan, and the United States. Meanwhile, the off-grid market in developing nations and some commercial applications (e.g., 5PDF Image | Microgeneration Technology : Shaping Energy Markets
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