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METHANE RECOVERY FROM ANIMAL MANURES: THE CURRENT OPPORTUNITIES CASEBOOK being a form of “risk insurance.” The basis of the program is a 1994 MOU between DOE and the Edison Electric Institute, American Public Power Association, National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, Large Public Power Council, and Tennessee Valley Authority. The program consists of commitments by electric utilities to undertake actions to reduce, avoid, or sequester greenhouse gas emissions. These commitments are formalized in individual utility participation accords for large utilities and through letters of participation for utilities having less than 50,000 customers. DOE provides technical information and support, reports on the progress of the program, and provides public recognition to utility participants. By early 1997, the accords signed and recognized now bring the number of Climate Challenge agreements to 117. The 117 agreements are on behalf of 633 individual electric utilities, which represent more than 69% of either total electric generation or greenhouse gas emissions from Utilities that are Climate Challenge participants report their greenhouse gas emissions annually on forms developed in accordance with the guidelines established under Section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 and implemented by DOE. The guidelines explain the reporting process and other program details, and all carbon equivalent emission reductions are credited against any future mandatory requirements. In addition to reporting greenhouse gas emissions data, utility participants submit an annual report to DOE describing their actions and achievements under their individual participation accords. As part of the Climate Challenge process, the electric utility industry and DOE jointly developed the Climate Challenge Options Workbook, which describes more than 50 options that utilities can use to meet their commitments. The options range from generating plant efficiency improvements to forest management projects. Other options include participation in DOE Energy Partnership programs affecting energy end-use and supply. Utilities are also encouraged to consider a host of voluntary programs, including AgSTAR. As of 1996, several utilities had expressed a desire to implement a broad range of methane reduction initiatives that include coal mines, landfill gas, and other methane control programs. Two projects reported by one utility in Pennsylvania claimed reductions in methane emissions 18 from livestock manure. As will be detailed in Section 5.1, 3,000-4,000 dairy, swine, and poultry farms in the United States are large enough to economically justify an AD system. Participation in the Climate Challenge program can benefit an electric utility. Other benefits that might accrue to an electric utility include customer retention, customer service, and local area job retention. Given the fluidity involved in siting agricultural facilities, an 17 more than 45 million tonnes of carbon equivalent by the year 2000. the U.S. electric utility industry. These utilities have committed to reduce, avoid, or sequester 17 press release, Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Energy. (1997). Electric Utilities Sign Up For Greenhouse Gas Reduction Program. 19 March 18 Shoals, AL: Southeast Regional Biomass Energy Program. Southeast Regional Biomass Energy Program (1997). “Global Warming Review”. July 1997 Update. Muscle 3-21PDF Image | Methane Recovery from Animal Manures The Current Opportunities Casebook
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