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measure – does not account for the following elements inherent in investment projects and in subsequent business activities: • impact of risk, • impact of time [30]. Risk is an inherent part of any business activity, largely as a factor difficult to foresee and quantify. Nevertheless, it should be factored into the economic evaluation of a project, by appropriately adjusting the minimum rate of return on the investment. At the same time, it should be noted that investments delivering high rates of return usually carry the greatest risk. Time is a vital factor in the context of the time value of money, mainly as a result of inflation. Irrespective of inflation, the value of capital depends on the point in time when the capital is made available to the investor – the later the investor gets hold of the capital, the shorter the time in which the capital is employed, as well as its present value. Moreover, the later the investor starts to incur costs and the sooner it starts to earn revenue, the better the expected economic performance of the project. The alternative technology scenarios may differ not only in terms of the amount of capital costs required but also the distribution of such costs over time [30]. 3.3.1 Cash Flows Cash flows (CF) are a basic tool used to evaluate the economic feasibility of any business venture. Cash flows reflect a difference between cash inflows and outflows throughout the lifetime of an evaluated project. In order to calculate cash flows, it is necessary to identify all items of project revenues and expenses in all the successive financial years, i.e. in the investment stage and the production stage. Calculations are usually made on a year by year basis. Then, the annual cash flows (CFt) are summed up to arrive at the cash flows for all the N years covered by the evaluation. Cash flows for the entire period of project development and operation are estimated based on the following general formula: CF=J0 +Jk +Sn –K–F–R–Pd +L where: J0 – total installed capital cost, Jk – borrowed funds, 80PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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