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3. Choice of Technology Landfill-gas-to-energy projects involving generation of heat, power (or cogeneration of heat and power – CHP) need to be carefully assessed in terms of expected energy output and project economics, taking into account the time factor. In practice, an assessment of utilisation options for landfill gas forms part of a project feasibility study, which includes three key elements: • landfill gas modeling; • confirmation of the gas modeling – pump tests; • evaluation of the economics of several alternative technology choices. 3.1 Landfill Gas Modeling The methodologies used to project gas generation of municipal waste landfills are discussed in detail in Section 1.1. above. In the context of selecting the best technology for an LFG project, it should be stressed that the gas generation of municipal solid waste landfills changes over time, which directly affects the amount of chemical energy (gas flow) which can be recovered and converted into useful forms of energy. Knowledge of changes occurring within a municipal waste disposal site is key to choosing the right technology for an LFG energy project. 3.2 Confirmation of Landfill Gas Modeling – Pump Tests Gas generation projections are based on a set of underlying assumptions, which may differ from the actual site conditions. The projections reflect only the potential capacity of a landfill to generate a specific amount of gas in specific conditions. Thus, the amount of gas estimated by a given model will not be equal to the actual gas flows. The calculations are confirmed using a method designed to estimate landfill gas production based on flow measurements in test wells installed in dispersed locations across the entire landfill or in selected sections of the landfill. A pump test is designed to measure the rate of flow from the well, while determining the LFG composition and pressure. The most reliable results are obtained if a pump test is performed in conditions as similar to the operating 78PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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