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The system costs USD 300,000 to USD 500,000 to put in place with operations and maintenance costs of USD 70,000 to USD 95,000 per year. When a system is owned and operated by a third party, long term contracts will typically assess costs based on the volume of leachate evaporated. Some economies of scale are realized for larger size vessels. A 114 33 m /day evaporator costs USD 16 per cubic meter, while a 76 m /day unit is USD 31 per cubic 3 meter and a 38 m /day unit is USD 53 per cubic meter [7]. 2.2 Electricity Generation Producing electricity from LFG continues to be the most common beneficial use application, accounting for above 90% LFG energy projects in Poland. Electricity can be produced by burning LFG in an internal combustion engine, a gas turbine, or a microturbine. 2.2.1 Reciprocating Engines On landfills, electricity is usually produced by gas-powered spark-ignition reciprocating engines, that is internal combustion engines (four-stroke engines) commonly used in vehicles and machinery. The name refers to four stages of the engine’s operation: intake of air or air- and-fuel mixture, compression, power and exhaust. For each cycle, there are two complete rotations of the crankshaft. In other words, in a four-stroke engine, the piston makes four strokes per working cycle. The internal combustion engine has an intake valve, through which the air-and-fuel mixture (or air) is introduced into the cylinder, and an exhaust valve, through which exhaust gases escape from the cylinder. Gas-powered reciprocating engines, also called gas-powered internal combustion engines, are modified versions of medium- and high-speed engines powered by liquid fuels. The modifications applied in gas-fuelled engines typically include: change in the shape of head and the top part of pistons, adding a gas and liquid fuel system, and expansion of the engine cooling system and the exhaust heat removal system [20]. There are four cycles: induction, compression, power and exhaust. Stroke I – INDUCTION The piston descends from the top dead centre (TDC) to the bottom dead centre (BDC), producing negative pressure inside the cylinder. The intake valve is open, allowing air-and- 40PDF Image | Landfill Gas Energy Technologies
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