PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 018
Since fuel cells are an emerging technology, their maintenance is likely to be time-consuming and expensive. Fuel cells require specialized engineering, plumbing, catalyst, and thermal and electrical power generation expertise that is probably only available from the manufacturer (Minott et al., 2004). Noise is generally not an issue since there is no combustion and any forms of sound are produced by water pumps and air blowers. One brand of phosphoric acid fuel cells claims their product emits only 60 db at 9 metres (Anon, 2005g). The fuel cell stack itself is not a source of emissions as heat and water are the only products. The fuel reformer, however, produces trace amounts of NOx and SOx. Independent testing of a phosphoric acid fuel cell demonstrated NOx levels less than 1.5 ppm (Anon, 2004c). Comparison of Generators In order to evaluate the engines and generators properly, a number of factors must be considered. Common criteria for electricity generators have been summarized in Tables 4, 5, 6 and 7 for easier comparison. Table 4 – Comparison of main generator options IC Engine Size Range1 (kW) Electrical Efficiency1 (%) Typical Exhaust Heat Temperature2 (°C) Thermal Efficiency2 (Maximum) Biogas Pre-Treatment Water Vapour Removal H2S Removal Air Compression 1 - Source: NSTAR, 2005 2 - Source: Anon. 2004c; Willingham and Pipattanasomporn, 2003. Microturbine Fuel Cell Several W to 3000+ 33 to 50 Low:120; High: 600 to 850 58% Yes Yes No 1 to 5000+ 25 to 45 600 30 to 250 25to30 230 to 315 65 % 45% Yes No Yes Recommended Recommended No The current equipment cost ranges shown in Table 5 include the costs associatedwithaheatrecoverysystemaswellasthegeneratingsystem. Itdoesnot include labour and maintenance costs. Table 5 – Typical costs of installing a generation system using biogas Generator Type IC Engine Microturbine Fuel Cell Source: NSTAR, 2005; Willingham and Pipattanasomporn, 2003. Current Equipment Cost (US$/kW) 500 to 1400 1000 to 2000 3500 to 10,000 16PDF Image | Electricity and Heat Production Using Biogas from the Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure - Literature Review
PDF Search Title:
Electricity and Heat Production Using Biogas from the Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure - Literature ReviewOriginal File Name Searched:
fleming_Electricity_and_Heat_from_manure.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Capstone Turbine and Microturbine: Capstone microturbines used and new surplus for sale listing More Info
Consulting and Strategy Services: Need help with Capstone Turbine, sizing systems, applications, or renewable energy strategy, we are here to assist More Info
Container Lumber Dry Kiln: Since 1991 developing and innovating dry kilns using standard shipping containers More Info
Supercritical CO2 Lumber Dry Kiln: Compact fast drying in 3 days or less for small amounts of wood and lumber drying More Info
BitCoin Mining: Bitcoin Mining and Cryptocurrency... More Info
Publications: Capstone Turbine publications for microturbine and distributed energy More Info
FileMaker Software for Renewable Energy Developing database software for the renewable energy industry More Info
CO2 Gas to Liquids On-Demand Production Cart Developing a supercritical CO2 to alcohol on-demand production system (via Nafion reverse fuel cell) More Info
Stranded Gas for low cost power Bitcoin Mining Using stranded gas for generators may provide breakthrough low power costs for cryptocurrency miners. More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@globalmicroturbine.com (Standard Web Page)