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development grants and subsidies (Wellinger and Lindberg, 2001; Holm-Nielson and Al Seadi, 2003). For example, Germany has set a 20-year minimum price for biogas- generated electricity. Compared to neighbouring countries without such legislation, the biogas industries of Germany and Denmark have experienced much higher growth and development (Köttner, 2002). Anaerobic digestion in North America has progressed at a slower rate. However, the advent of the AgSTAR program in the United States in the 1990’s and its successful farm digester demonstration projects has helped the industry. Government support in both the United States and Canada has also increased. The government of Ontario recently invested $1.6 million dollars in an on-farm anaerobic digestion facility. The US government established the Renewable Systems and Energy Efficiency Improvements program as well as Value Added Producer Grants to make funds available for digesters (Mattocks and Wilson, 2005). The number of digesters in the United States has grown past ‘demonstration’ units to at least 95 (Lusk, 1999). The Canadian farm-based anaerobic digester industry has moved more slowly. A 2001 Statistics Canada report on farm practices states that of the farmers surveyed, not one used anaerobic digestion to treat stored manure (Beaulieu, 2004). There are, however, examples of the technology in Canada: a dairy farm in eastern Ontario and a hog farm in Alberta have been operating and selling excess electricity for a number of years (Anon, 2003; McClinton, 2003). Chemical and Biological Processes In order to understand the optimization of anaerobic digestion, a basic understanding of the chemical and biological processes is needed. The following is a brief introduction designed to familiarize the reader with these processes. There are three main stages in the anaerobic digestion process and each relies on a specific group of micro-organisms. These are summarized in Figure 1. Figure 1 Processes and micro-organisms involved in converting organic material to methane and carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions. Percentages give relative quantity of organic matter converted (Poulsen, 2003) 2PDF Image | Electricity and Heat Production Using Biogas from the Anaerobic Digestion of Livestock Manure - Literature Review
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