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nutrients can be diverted from the farm through the use of the existing solids removal processes. However, the conventional solids handling process does not reduce the quantity of material to be handled. It simply separates the material into a solid fraction that can be stacked and hauled and a liquid fraction that can be placed in a holding pond for the required 180-day detention time with a minimum of sedimentation. The system does not control odors since the liquid fraction containing large quantities of organic acids is discharged to an open lagoon for further decomposition. The system does not produce any energy. Large quantities of energy are consumed in separating the solids and subsequent composting. The operation and maintenance costs are high but the capital costs are low. Overall the commonly used manure handling system does not pay for self nor meet the environmental goals of the Dairymen. Housing This type of housing establishes the quantity of manure that can be collected economically. Free stall barns permit the collection of 85 percent of the manure. The remaining 15 percent is normally deposited in the milk parlor where it is collected through a flush system. In corral systems only 40 to 50 percent of the manure can be collected from the feed lanes, which are either scraped or flushed. Manure deposited in the open lot portion of the corral is normally collected once or twice a year. While in the open lot, the manure is degraded both aerobically and anaerobically depending on the moisture content. The degradation process produces odors and greenhouse gases that are discharged to the atmosphere. There is little net energy available from the manure after it has remained in the open lot for 8 to 12 months. The free stall system is better for animal health since it provides the greatest separation between manure and cow. Since the free stall system provides an opportunity to collect the maximum amount of manure it also provides the opportunity to recover most of the phosphorus nutrients and generate the most energy. Free stall barns are more expensive to construct than corral or open lot systems. The operation and maintenance cost of the free stall barn is less than corral or open lot systems. Overall the free stall system provides the best manure processing option. Collection Manure can be collected by flush, scrape, or vacuum collection. Scrape and vacuum collection systems have a higher capital and operation and maintenance costs. Flush systems have the lowest capital and operation and maintenance costs. Flush systems also © Environmental Energy Company 45 www.makingenergy.com 360-923-2000PDF Image | Dairy Waste Anaerobic Digestion Handbook Options for Recovering Beneficial Products From Dairy Manure
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