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Figure 5.2 Biogas burner for heat production (AGRINZ 2008) The produced electricity from biogas can be used as process energy for electrical equipment such as pumps, control systems and stirrers. In many countries with high feed-in tariffs for renewable electricity, all the produced electricity is sold to the grid and the process electricity is bought from the same national electricity grid. An important issue for the energy and economic efficiency of a biogas plant is the utilisation of the produced heat. Usually, a part of the heat is used for heating the digesters (process heating) and approximately 2/3 of all produced energy can be used for external needs. Many of the early generations of biogas plants have being established exclusively for electricity purposes, without consideration for the utilisation of the produced heat. Nowadays, the heat utilisation is considered a very important aspect for the economy of the plant. For many biogas plants, the sale of electricity alone is not enough for being economically sustainable which is why the new established biogas plants should include heat utilisation in the overall plant design. Biogas heat can be used by industry processes, agricultural activities or for space heating. The most suitable heat user is the industry, as the demand is constant throughout the whole year. Heat quality (temperature) is an important issue for industrial applications. The use of heat from biogas for building and household heating (mini-grid or district heating) is another option, although this application has a low season during summer and a high season during winter. Biogas heat can also be used for drying crops, wood chips or for separation and further treatment of digestate. Finally, heat can be used in ’power-heat-cooling-coupling’- systems. This process, known from refrigerators, is used e.g. for cooling food storage or for air conditioning. The input energy is heat, which is converted into cooling through a sorption process, whereby a differentiation is made between adsorption and absorption cooling process. The advantage of cooling by sorption is the low wear, due to few mechanical parts, and the low energy consumption, compared to compression cooling plants. The use of power- heat-cooling-coupling in biogas plants is currently being tested through several pilot projects. 5.3.1 Gas-Ottoengines Gas-Otto motors are developed specifically for using biogas according to the Otto principle. The engines (lean burn engines) are operated with air surplus, in order to minimise carbon monoxide emissions. This leads to lower gas consumption and reduced motor performance, compensated by using an exhaust turbo charger. Gas-Otto motors require biogas with 43 biogas HANDBOOKPDF Image | biogas HANDBOOK
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